Tulchyn

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Tulchyn
Тульчин
City
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  • From top, clockwise: Cityscape
  • House of Mykola Leontovych
  • Potocki Palace
  • Nativity of Christ Cathedral
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Flag
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Coat of arms
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CountryFile:Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine
OblastVinnytsia Oblast
RaionTulchyn Raion
HromadaTulchyn urban hromada
Founded1607
Area
 • Total
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Elevation
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Population
 (2023)
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Population
 (2023)
 • Total
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Postal code
23600-23606
Template:Pluralize from text+380 4335Template:Pluralize from text

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Tulchyn (Template:Langx, Script error: No such module "IPA".; Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Template:Langx) is a city in Vinnytsia Oblast (province) of western Ukraine, in the historical region of Podolia. It is the administrative center of Tulchyn Raion (district). Its population is 13,896 (2023 estimate).[1]

History

Tulchyn was first mentioned in written sources in 1607, under the name Nestervar.[2] It was a royal city in the Bracław Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1609 King Sigismund III Vasa granted the town to Walenty Aleksander Kalinowski. Until 1728 Tulchyn was part of the estates of the Polish magnates of the Kalinowski family (other distinguished members of Tulchyn family were Adam Kalinowski and Marcin Kalinowski), and then passed into the hands of Stanisław Potocki bypassing other Kalinowskis' branch, then in 1734 to Franciszek Salezy Potocki and his son Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki, who was the most memorable and infamous member of the Tulchyn branch of the Potocki family. During the Targowica confederation Tulchyn was the headquarters of the confederates. The 14th Polish Infantry Regiment was formed in Tulchyn in 1785 and garrisoned there.[3] In 1787, Tulchyn received Magdeburg rights.[2] The 6th National Cavalry Brigade and 12th Infantry Regiment were stationed there in 1789.[3]

In 1793, the Russian Empire annexed Tulchyn as part of the Second Partition of Poland. In the 1820s, Tulchyn was a centre of the movement plotting the Decembrist revolt against the Tsarist regime of Russia. A local branch of the Union of Prosperity was located in the city.[2]

File:Tulchin bazar 1908.jpg
Tulchyn in 1908

Prior to the October Revolution, Tulchyn was home to a large Jewish population. There were two trade fairs, July 24 and October 1 each year, and separate 26 market days annually. In the Russian Civil War between 1917 and 1920 the town frequently changed hands, variously being under the control of Poland, Soviet Russia, Ukraine, and White Russian factions.[citation needed]

During World War II, Nazi Germany invaded and occupied all of Vinnytsia Oblast by the end of July 1941. A large section of the region, including Tulchyn, was handed over by the Nazis to Romania, who administrated it as Transnistria Governorate. After first being confined to a ghetto, Jews from Tulchyn were deported to the nearby Pechora concentration camp where they were killed.[4] The Yad Vashem database lists the names of 2,177 Jews who had lived in Tulchyn before World War II who died during the Holocaust;[5] among them, 1,145 died in the Pechora concentration camp.[6] Outside the town of Tulchyn, there was a peat bog; many Jews who worked there died, though the number is hard to estimate, while other Jews from the county, including from the Ladyzhyn Quarry, were taken by the Germans beyond the Bug River and executed by them, either immediately, or after they were put to work; more than three thousand, mostly people deported from Chernivtsi in June 1942, died, overwhelmingly after they were taken away by the Germans.[7] Yad Vashem has a list of 461 Jews who died in Tulchyn itself.[8] Out of these, 199 of the Jews who had lived in the town before the war died in there, in some cases before the arrival of the Romanian administration, according to the Yad Vashem database.[9] The Yad Vashem database lists 226 Jews who had lived before the war in Romania among the dead;[10] 92 of them were originally from Bukovina,[11] 26 were originally from Bessarabia,[12] and 61 were from Dorohoi and the neighboring area.[13] On September 1, 1943, there were at least 2,344 deported Jews who lived in the Tulchyn district/judet according to the Gendarmerie Inspectorate headcount, out of which 495 had been deported from Bessarabia, and 1,849 from Bukovina.[14][15] The Romanian official governmental figure for all the Jews in the district, Ukrainian as well as deported from Romania, was 3,371 on November 1, 1943.[16] This would suggest that more than 1,000 Jews in the district were Ukrainian Jews in the fall of 1943, but most Ukrainian Jews, as well as most deportees from Romania, in the district died during the Holocaust. The area was liberated by the Red Army in March 1944.[citation needed] For more information on the Holocaust in Transnistria, including on the fate of the Jewish deportees from Romania, including Bukovina and Bessarabia, see History of the Jews in Transnistria.

As of 2005, the city had a population of 16,136 people.[2]

In December 2022, as part of the derussification in Ukraine intensified by the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine that began that year, monuments to Alexander Pushkin and Alexander Suvorov were taken down in Tulchyn.[17]

Landmarks

File:Тульчин - Малий (новий) палац Потоцьких DSC 0773.JPG
New Potocki Palace

An important landmark of the city is the palace of the Potocki family, built according to the principles of Palladian architecture according to the plans drafted by Joseph Lacroix during the 1780s.

Notable people

File:Леонтович Микола Дмитрович.jpg
Monument to Mykola Leontovych

Further reading

See also

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Sotsialnyy pasport Tulchynskoi" (PDF).
  2. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Tulchyn". Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine.
  3. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gembarzewski, Bronisław (1925). Rodowody pułków polskich i oddziałów równorzędnych od r. 1717 do r. 1831 (in polski). Warszawa: Towarzystwo Wiedzy Wojskowej. pp. 9, 30.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Vinokurova, Faina (1999). "The Holocaust in Vinnitsa Oblast" (PDF). In Weiner, Miriam (ed.). Jewish Roots in Ukraine and Moldova. Routes and Roots Foundation. pp. 332–34. ISBN 0965650812.
  5. ^ Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_permanent_search_en=Tulchin&t_place_permanent_search_en=yvSynonym
  6. ^ Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_permanent_search_en=Tulchin&t_place_permanent_search_en=yvSynonym&s_place_death_search_en=Pechora&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym
  7. ^ Julius S. Fisher, Transnistria, The Forgotten Cemetery (South Brunswick: Thomas Yoseloff, 1969), p. 112-114.
  8. ^ Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_death_search_en=Tulchin&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym
  9. ^ Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_permanent_search_en=Tulchin&t_place_permanent_search_en=yvSynonym&s_place_death_search_en=Tulchin&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym
  10. ^ Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_permanent_search_en=Romania&t_place_permanent_search_en=yvSynonym&s_place_death_search_en=Tulchin&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym
  11. ^ Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_permanent_search_en=Bukovina&t_place_permanent_search_en=yvSynonym&s_place_death_search_en=Tulchin&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym
  12. ^ Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_permanent_search_en=Bessarabia&t_place_permanent_search_en=yvSynonym&s_place_death_search_en=Tulchin&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym
  13. ^ Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_permanent_search_en=Dorohoi&t_place_permanent_search_en=yvSynonym&s_place_death_search_en=Tulchin&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym.
  14. ^ Jean Ancel, Transnistria (Bucuresti: Atlas, 1998), vol. 3 (in Romanian), p. 290-291..
  15. ^ The same information appears in English at See Jean Ancel, The History of the Holocaust in Romania (Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press and Jerusalem, Yad Vashem, 2011), p. 549.
  16. ^ See Jean Ancel, The History of the Holocaust in Romania (Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press and Jerusalem, Yad Vashem, 2011), p. 550, on the number of survivors as of November 1, 1943.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."У Тульчині демонтували пам'ятники Суворова й Пушкіна — Cуспільне Вінниця".

See also

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