Turned g
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Turned g (lowercase: ᵷ, mathematical symbol: ⅁) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed by rotating g 180°. It is used to transliterate the Georgian letter ჹ. ჹ itself is the Georgian letter გ "g" rotated.
Usage
In 1844, Bartłomiej Beniowski created his Anti-Absurd or Phrenotypic Alphabet, featuring turned g for the diphthong Script error: No such module "IPA"..[1]
In 1880, John Wesley Powell created a phonetic transcription for transcribing Native American languages in publications of the Smithsonian Institution. In the transcriptions, turned letters were used as supplementary characters.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
In 1900, turned g was used as a phonetic symbol in the International Phonetic Association's Exposé des principes to represent a voiceless laminal closed postalveolar sibilant, as found in Adyghe and other Northwest Caucasian languages.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
Franz Boas used turned g to represent the voiced velar fricative [ɣ] in his transcription of the Kwakʼwala language, published in American Anthropologist in 1900.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
In 1921, Ivar Adolf Lyttkens and Fredrik Amadeus Wulff used turned g in their phonetic transcription, notably in Template:Langue published in 1892Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. or the dictionary Template:Langue published in 1921.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
In 1929, Tadeusz Jan Kowalski used the turned g and turned k in Karaim language texts to represent an alveolar plosive pronounced as a velar plosive before the vowel [i]. Omeljan Pritsak reused this in a 1959 Karaim work.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
Turned g represents a [ɢ] in the transcription of the Tabasaran language by Alexander Amarovich Magometov in his book Script error: No such module "Lang". (Script error: No such module "lang"., “The Tabasaran language: analysis and texts”) published in 1965.[2]
A rotated capital G has sometimes been used as a substitute for the similar-looking eng [ŋ]. The capital has not been encoded in Unicode, but the character Turned sans serif capital G (⅁) U+2141 may look similar to it in sans serif fonts (when it is turned, not reversed[3]).
Computing codes
ᵷ was added to Unicode 4.1 in 2005, as U+1D77. Fonts that can display the character include Code2000, Doulos SIL and Charis SIL. Lowercase "b with hook" (ɓ), an IPA letter that resembles a turned one-story g, is more widely available as a substitute, at U+0253. The Turned sans serif capital G (⅁) U+2141 is not its uppercase, as it is intended to only be a mathematical sans serif symbol (like ∃ or ∀) for the game quantifier used by some authors. Script error: No such module "Charmap".
References
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Beniowski, Major Bartłomiej (1845). Anti-Absurd or Phrenotypic Alphabet and Orthography for the English Language. London. p. iv.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Магометов (ალ. მაჰომეტოი), Александр Амарович (1965). Табасаранский язык : исследование и тексты (ტაბასარანუმი ენა : გამოკვლევა და ტექსტები) (in русский). Тбилиси: Мецниереба.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Beeton, Barbara (22 January 1999). Addendum to L2/98-405: Request for assignment of codes to mathematical and technical symbols (PDF).
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