TypeScript

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TypeScript
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ParadigmMulti-paradigm: functional, generic, imperative, object-oriented
FamilyECMAScript
Designed byMicrosoft,
Anders Hejlsberg,
Luke Hoban
DeveloperMicrosoft
First appeared1 October 2012; 13 years ago (2012-10-01)[1]
Template:Infobox software/simple
Typing disciplineDuck, gradual, strong, structural[2]
ScopeLexical
LicenseApache 2.0
Filename extensions.ts, .tsx, .mts, .cts
Websitewww.typescriptlang.org
Influenced by
C#, F#,[3] Java, JavaScript, ActionScript[4]
Influenced
AtScript, AssemblyScript, ArkTS

TypeScript (TS) is a high-level programming language that adds static typing with optional type annotations to JavaScript. It is designed for developing large applications. It transpiles to JavaScript.[6] It is developed by Microsoft as free and open-source software released under an Apache License 2.0.

TypeScript may be used to develop JavaScript applications for both client-side and server-side execution (as with React.js, Node.js, Deno or Bun). Multiple options are available for transpiling. The default TypeScript Compiler can be used,[7] or the Babel compiler can be invoked to convert TypeScript to JavaScript.

TypeScript supports definition files that can contain type information of existing JavaScript libraries, much like C++ header files can describe the structure of existing object files. This enables other programs to use the values defined in the files as if they were statically typed TypeScript entities. There are third-party header files for popular libraries such as jQuery, MongoDB, and D3.js. TypeScript headers for the Node.js library modules are also available, allowing development of Node.js programs within TypeScript.[8]

The TypeScript compiler is written in TypeScript and compiled to JavaScript. It is licensed under the Apache License 2.0. Anders Hejlsberg, lead architect of C# and creator of Delphi and Turbo Pascal, has worked on developing TypeScript.[9][10][11][12]

History

TypeScript was released to the public in October 2012, with version 0.8, after two years of internal development at Microsoft.[13][14] Soon after the initial public release, Miguel de Icaza praised the language, but criticized the lack of mature integrated development environment (IDE) support apart from Microsoft Visual Studio, which was unavailable then on Linux and macOS.[15][16] As of April 2021 there is support in other IDEs and text editors, including Emacs, Vim, WebStorm, Atom[17] and Microsoft's own Visual Studio Code.[18] TypeScript 0.9, released in 2013, added support for generics.[19]

TypeScript 1.0 was released at Microsoft's Build developer conference in 2014.[20] Visual Studio 2013 Update 2 provided built-in support for TypeScript.[21] Further improvement were made in July 2014, when the development team announced a new TypeScript compiler, asserted to have a five-fold performance increase. Simultaneously, the source code, which was initially hosted on CodePlex, was moved to GitHub.[22]

On 22 September 2016, TypeScript 2.0 was released, introducing several features, including the ability for programmers to optionally enforce null safety.[23]

TypeScript 3.0 was released on 30 July 2018,[24] bringing many language additions like tuples in rest parameters and spread expressions, rest parameters with tuple types, generic rest parameters and so on.[25]

TypeScript 4.0 was released on 20 August 2020.[26] While 4.0 did not introduce any breaking changes, it added language features such as Custom JSX Factories and Variadic Tuple Types.[26]

TypeScript 5.0 was released on 16 March 2023 and included support for decorators.[27]

On March 11, 2025, Anders Hejlsberg announced on the TypeScript blog that the team is working on a Go port of the TypeScript compiler to be released as TypeScript version 7.0 later this year. It is expected to feature a 10x speedup.[28]

On December 2nd, 2025, Daniel Rosenwasser announced on the blog that TypeScript 6.0 will be the last release written in TypeScript itself, and TypeScript 7.0 will be the first Go-based release.[29]

Design

TypeScript originated from the shortcomings of JavaScript for developing large-scale applications both at Microsoft and among their external customers.[30] Challenges with dealing with complex JavaScript code led to demand for custom tooling to ease developing of components in the language.[31]

Developers sought a solution that would not break compatibility with the ECMAScript (ES) standard and its ecosystem, so a compiler was developed to transform a superset of JavaScript with type annotations and classes (TypeScript files) back into vanilla ECMAScript 5 code. TypeScript classes were based on the then-proposed ECMAScript 6 class specification to make writing prototypal inheritance less verbose and error-prone, and type annotations enabled IntelliSense and improved tooling.

Features

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TypeScript adds the following syntax extensions to JavaScript:

Syntactically, TypeScript is very similar to JScript .NET, another Microsoft implementation of the ECMA-262 language standard that added support for static typing and classical object-oriented language features such as classes, inheritance, interfaces, and namespaces. Other inspirations include Java and C#.

Compatibility with JavaScript

Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote". As TypeScript is simply a superset of JavaScript, existing JavaScript can be adapted to TypeScript and TypeScript program can seamlessly consume JavaScript. The compiler can target all ECMAScript versions 5 and above, transpiling modern features like classes and arrow functions to their older counterparts.

With TypeScript, it is possible to use existing JavaScript code, incorporate popular JavaScript libraries, and call TypeScript-generated code from other JavaScript.[33] Type declarations for these libraries are usually provided with the source code but can be declared or installed separately if needed.

Development tools

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Compiler

The TypeScript compiler, named tsc, is written in TypeScript. As a result, it can be compiled into regular JavaScript and can then be executed in any JavaScript engine (e.g. a browser). The compiler package comes bundled with a script host that can execute the compiler. It is also available as a Node.js package that uses Node.js as a host. The compiler is currently being rewritten in Go for version 7.[34]

The compiler can target a given edition of ECMAScript (such as ECMAScript 5 for legacy browser compatibility), but by default compiles for the latest standards.

IDE and editor support

  • Microsoft provides a plug-in for Visual Studio 2012 and WebMatrix, full integrated support in Visual Studio 2013, Visual Studio 2015, and basic text editor support for Emacs and Vim.[35]
  • Visual Studio Code supports TypeScript in addition to several other languages, and offers features like debugging and intelligent code completion.
  • alm.tools is an open source cloud IDE for TypeScript built using TypeScript, ReactJS and TypeStyle.
  • JetBrains supports TypeScript with code completion, refactoring and debugging in its IDEs built on IntelliJ platform, such as PhpStorm 6, WebStorm 6, and IntelliJ IDEA,[36] as well as their Visual Studio Add-in and extension, ReSharper 8.1.[37][38]
  • Atom has a TypeScript plugin with support for code completion, navigation, formatting, and fast compilation.[39]
  • The online Cloud9 IDE and Codenvy support TypeScript.
  • A plugin is available for the NetBeans IDE.
  • A plugin is available for the Eclipse IDE (version Kepler)
  • TypEcs is available for the Eclipse IDE.
  • The Cross Platform Cloud IDE Codeanywhere supports TypeScript.
  • Webclipse An Eclipse plugin designed to develop TypeScript and Angular 2.
  • Angular IDE A standalone IDE available via npm to develop TypeScript and Angular 2 applications, with integrated terminal support.
  • Tide – TypeScript Interactive Development Environment for Emacs.

Integration with build automation tools

Script error: No such module "labelled list hatnote". Using plug-ins, TypeScript can be integrated with build automation tools, including Grunt (grunt-ts[40]), Apache Maven (TypeScript Maven Plugin[41]), Gulp (gulp-typescript[42]) and Gradle (TypeScript Gradle Plugin[43]).

Linting tools

TSLint[44] scans TypeScript code for conformance to a set of standards and guidelines. ESLint, a standard JavaScript linter, also provided some support for TypeScript via community plugins. However, ESLint's inability to leverage TypeScript's language services precluded certain forms of semantic linting and program-wide analysis.[45] In early 2019, the TSLint team announced the linter's deprecation in favor of typescript-eslint, a joint effort of the TSLint, ESLint and TypeScript teams to consolidate linting under the ESLint umbrella for improved performance, community unity and developer accessibility.[46]

Release history

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Legend:
Unsupported
Supported
Latest version
Preview version
Future version

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Version number Release date Significant changes
Unsupported: 0.8Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time".
Unsupported: 0.9Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time".
Unsupported: 1.0Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time".
Unsupported: 1.1Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". performance improvements
Unsupported: 1.3Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". protected modifier, tuple types
Unsupported: 1.4Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". union types, let and const declarations, template strings, type guards, type aliases
Unsupported: 1.5Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". ES6 modules, namespace keyword, for..of support, decorators
Unsupported: 1.6Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". JSX support, intersection types, local type declarations, abstract classes and methods, user-defined type guard functions
Unsupported: 1.7Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". async and await support,
Unsupported: 1.8Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". constraints generics, control flow analysis errors, string literal types, allowJs
Unsupported: 2.0Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". null- and undefined-aware types, control flow based type analysis, discriminated union types, never type, readonly keyword, type of this for functions
Unsupported: 2.1Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". keyof and lookup types, mapped types, object spread and rest,
Unsupported: 2.2Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". mix-in classes, object type,
Unsupported: 2.3Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". async iteration, generic parameter defaults, strict option
Unsupported: 2.4Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". dynamic import expressions, string enums, improved inference for generics, strict contravariance for callback parameters
Unsupported: 2.5Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". optional catch clause variables
Unsupported: 2.6Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". strict function types
Unsupported: 2.7Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". constant-named properties, fixed-length tuples
Unsupported: 2.8Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". conditional types, improved keyof with intersection types
Unsupported: 2.9Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". support for symbols and numeric literals in keyof and mapped object types
Unsupported: 3.0Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". project references, extracting and spreading parameter lists with tuples
Unsupported: 3.1Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". mappable tuple and array types
Unsupported: 3.2Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". stricter checking for bind, call, and apply
Unsupported: 3.3Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". relaxed rules on methods of union types, incremental builds for composite projects
Unsupported: 3.4Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". faster incremental builds, type inference from generic functions, readonly modifier for arrays, const assertions, type-checking global this
Unsupported: 3.5Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". faster incremental builds, omit helper type, improved excess property checks in union types, smarter union type checking
Unsupported: 3.6Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". Stricter generators, more accurate array spread, better Unicode support for identifiers
Unsupported: 3.7Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". Optional chaining, nullish coalescing
Unsupported: 3.8Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". Type-only imports and exports, ECMAScript private fields, top-level await
Unsupported: 3.9Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". Improvements in inference, speed improvements
Unsupported: 4.0Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". Variadic tuple types, labeled tuple elements
Unsupported: 4.1Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". Template literal types, key remapping in mapped types, recursive conditional types
Unsupported: 4.2Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". Smarter type alias preservation, leading/middle rest elements in tuple types, stricter checks for the in operator, abstract construct signatures
Unsupported: 4.3Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". Separate write types on properties, override and the --noImplicitOverride flag, template string type improvements
Unsupported: 4.4Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". Control flow analysis of aliased conditions and discriminants, symbol and template string pattern index signatures
Unsupported: 4.5Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". Type and promise improvements, supporting lib from node_modules, template string types as discriminants, and es2022 module
Unsupported: 4.6Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". Type inference and checks improvements, support for ES2022 target, better ECMAScript handling
Unsupported: 4.7Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". Support for ES modules, instantiation expressions, variance annotations for type parameters, better control-flow checks and type check improvements
Unsupported: 4.8Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". Intersection and union types improvements, better type inference
Unsupported: 4.9Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". satisfies operator, auto-accessors in classes (proposal), improvements in type narrowing and checks
Unsupported: 5.0Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". ES decorators (proposal), type inference improvements, bundler module resolution mode, speed and size optimizations
Unsupported: 5.1Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". Easier implicit returns for undefined and unrelated types for getters and setters
Unsupported: 5.2Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". using declarations and explicit resource management, decorator metadata and named and anonymous tuple elements
Unsupported: 5.3Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Script error: No such module "Date time". Improved type narrowing, correctness checks and performance optimizations
Unsupported: 5.4Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. 6 March 2024 Object.groupBy and Map.groupBy support
Unsupported: 5.5Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. 20 June 2024 Inferred Type Predicates, Regular Expression Syntax Checking, and Type Imports in JSDoc
Unsupported: 5.6Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. 9 September 2024 Advanced type inference, variadic tuple enhancements, partial module declarations.
Unsupported: 5.7Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. 22 November 2024
Unsupported: 5.8Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. 28 February 2025
Unsupported: 5.9Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. 31 July 2025
Latest version: 6.0Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. 23 March 2026 Introduce some deprecations and breaking changes to align with the upcoming native codebase. Strict mode is now enabled by default. Last version with compiler and language service based on JavaScript before rewrite to Go language.
Preview version: 7.0Page Template:Version/styles.css has no content. Rewrite in Go with faster performance.

See also

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References

Citations

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Sources

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