Udmurts

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Udmurts
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Flag of Udmurtia
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Udmurts in 1907
Total population
396,000 (2021)
Regions with significant populations
Udmurtia
Russia386,465 (2021)
Kazakhstan5,824 (2009)
Ukraine4,712 (2001)[1]
Languages
Udmurt, Russian
Religion
Majority:
Russian Orthodoxy
Minority:
Udmurt Vos
Protestantism
Pentecostalism[2]
Islam[3]
Related ethnic groups
Other Permians, especially Besermyan

The Udmurts (Template:Langx, Script error: No such module "lang".) are a Permian (Finno-Ugric)[4] ethnic group in Eastern Europe, who speak the Udmurt language. They mainly live in the republic of Udmurtia in Russia. They form 24.1% of Udmurtia's population.

Etymology

The name Udmurt comes from *Script error: No such module "Lang". 'meadow people', from the Permic root *Script error: No such module "Lang".[5] 'meadow, glade, turf, greenery' and murt 'person' (cf. Komi Script error: No such module "Lang"., Mari Script error: No such module "Lang"., Mordvin mirď-), probably an early borrowing from an Iranian language (such as Scythian): *Script error: No such module "Lang". or *Script error: No such module "Lang". meaning 'person, man' (cf. Persian Script error: No such module "Lang".). This, in turn, is thought to have been borrowed from the Indo-Aryan term *Script error: No such module "Lang". 'man', literally 'mortal, one who is bound to die' (< PIE Script error: No such module "Lang". 'to die'), compare Old Indic Script error: No such module "Lang". 'young warrior' and Old Indic Script error: No such module "Lang". 'chariot warrior', both connected specifically with horses and chariots.[6] This is supported by a document dated 1557, in which the Udmurts are referred to as lugovye lyudi 'meadow people', alongside the traditional Russian name Script error: No such module "Lang"..[7]

On the other hand, in the Russian tradition, the name 'meadow people' refers to the inhabitants of the left bank of a river in general. Most relevant in this regard is the recent theory proposed by V. V. Napolskikh and S. K. Belykh, who suppose that the ethnonym was borrowed from Proto-Iranian entirely: Script error: No such module "Lang". meaning 'resident of outskirts, border zone' (cf. Antes) → Proto-Permic *Script error: No such module "Lang". → Udmurt Script error: No such module "Lang"..[8]

Under the Russian Empire, Udmurts were mainly called by the exonyms Script error: No such module "lang". (Script error: No such module "Lang".), Otyaks, Wotyaks[9] or Votyaks. Today these names are considered offensive by Udmurts themselves and are mainly used against those who have forgotten the Udmurt language. The Udmurts are closely related to Komis to their north, both linguistically and culturally.[citation needed]

Distribution

File:Ареал расселения удмуртов в Волго-Уральском регионе. По данным Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года..png
Udmurt resettlement area in the Idel-Ural (Volga-Ural) region (data based on the 2010 Russian Census

Most Udmurt people live in Udmurtia. Small groups live in the neighboring areas of Kirov Oblast and Perm Krai, Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, and Mari El.[citation needed]

The Udmurt population is shrinking; the Russian Census reported 552,299 in 2010, down from the 2002 Russian census figure of 637,000, in turn down from 746,562 in 1989.[citation needed] The 2021 census counted fewer Udmurts than had the 1926 census.

Udmurts in Russia (1926–2021)
Census 1926 1939 1959 1970 1979 1989 2002 2010 2021
Population 503,970 599,893 615,640 678,393 685,718 714,883 636,906 552,299 386,465
Percentage 0.54% 0.55% 0.52% 0.52% 0.50% 0.49% 0.45% 0.40% 0.30%

Culture

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File:Wotyaks (Udmurts).jpg
Udmurts wearing traditional outfits, 1870
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The Udmurt poet Kuzebay Gerd (1898–1937)

The Udmurt language belongs to the Uralic family.

The Udmurts have a national epic called Dorvyzhy. Their national musical instruments include the krez zither (similar to the Russian gusli) and a pipe-like wind instrument called the Script error: No such module "Lang"..[10]

A chapter in the 1776 book Script error: No such module "Lang". is devoted to the description of the Wotyak people.[9][better source needed] James George Frazer also mentions a rite performed by the people in his book The Golden Bough.[11]

Many Udmurt people have red hair,[12][13] and a festival to celebrate the red-haired people has been held annually in Izhevsk since 2004.[14]

The Udmurts used to be semi-nomadic forest dwellers that lived in riverside communities. However, most Udmurts now live in towns. Although the clan-based social structure of the Udmurts no longer exists, its traces are still strong and it continues to shape modern Udmurt culture.[15]

Genetics

File:QpAdm-model for selected Eurasian populations.jpg
Estimated ancestry components among selected Eurasian populations. The yellow component represents Neo-Siberian ancestry (represented by Nganasans).[16]

According to the data gathered by Kristiina Tambets and others (2018), the majority (about 70%) of Udmurt men carry the haplogroup N. The high frequency of this East Eurasian-related haplogroup is a common pattern among Uralic-speaking peoples. Most Udmurt men belong to the subclade N1c and 16.8 percent of them belong the subclade N1b-P43. The second most common Y-DNA haplogroup among Udmurts is R1a (19%).[17]

The most common maternal haplogroup for Udmurts is U (23.5%). Most Udmurts who have it belong to its subclades U2 (10.4%) and U5 (9.3%). Nearly as common is H (22.5%). Other mtDNA haplogroups among Udmurts include T (16.5%), D (11%) and Z (6%).[17]

File:Ancestry proportions of 1194 individuals.png
Autosomal ancestry proportions of Udmurts and other populations.[18]

When it comes to the autosomal ancestry of Udmurts, around 30 percent of it is Nganasan-like.[17][19] This Siberian component is typical for Uralic-speaking peoples. The rest can be modelled to be mostly Steppe-like with a smaller eastern hunter-gatherer component,[17] or Srubnaya-like.[19] It is common for peoples in northeastern Europe to have a high level of Steppe-related admixture.[17]

See also

  • Besermyan (considered a subgroup of the Udmurts)

References

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  1. ^ State statistics committee of Ukraine - National composition of population, 2001 census (Ukrainian)
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Главная страница проекта "Арена": Некоммерческая Исследовательская Служба "Среда"".
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."IZ-article". Archived from the original on 2018-02-01.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Udmurtiya | Republic in Russia, Culture & History | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-01-05.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."уд | это... Что такое уд?".
  6. ^ Christopher I. Beckwith. Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2009. Page 397.
  7. ^ A.G. Ivanov, "Udmurty – 'Lugovye lyudi'", Linguistica Uralica Vol. 27, No. 3 (1991), pp. 188–92.
  8. ^ Белых С. К., Напольских В. В. Этноним удмурт: исчерпаны ли альтернативы? Linguistica Uralica. T. 30, № 4. Tallinn, 1994.
  9. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Georgi, Johann Gottlieb (1776). "Les Wotyaks". Description de toutes les nations de l'empire de Russie (in français). St. Petersburg. p. 65., French translation of Johann Gottlieb Georgi, Beschreibung aller Nationen des Russischen Reichs, ihrer Lebensart, Religion, Gebräuche, Wohnungen, Kleidung und übrigen Merkwürdigkeiten
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Vitaly Michka (1 October 1994). Inside the New Russia. SC Publishing. ISBN 978-1-885024-17-6. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Frazer, James George (1913). The Golden Bough. Cambridge U. Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-108-04738-8. Annual expulsion of Satan among the Wotyaks of Russia {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  12. ^ Mapped: Which countries have the most redheads? - The Telegraph
  13. ^ The people with the reddest hair in the world - BBC News
  14. ^ Рыжий фестиваль - 2017 Script error: No such module "webarchive". - Izhevsk city portal
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Winston, Robert, ed. (2004). Human: The Definitive Visual Guide. New York: Dorling Kindersley. p. 396. ISBN 0-7566-0520-2.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jeong, Choongwon; Balanovsky, Oleg; Lukianova, Elena; Kahbatkyzy, Nurzhibek; Flegontov, Pavel; Zaporozhchenko, Valery; Immel, Alexander; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Ixan, Olzhas; Khussainova, Elmira; Bekmanov, Bakhytzhan; Zaibert, Victor; Lavryashina, Maria; Pocheshkhova, Elvira; Yusupov, Yuldash (June 2019). "The genetic history of admixture across inner Eurasia". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 3 (6): 966–976. Bibcode:2019NatEE...3..966J. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0878-2. ISSN 2397-334X. PMC 6542712. PMID 31036896.
  17. ^ a b c d e Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Tambets, Kristiina; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Hudjashov, Georgi; Ilumäe, Anne-Mai; Rootsi, Siiri; Honkola, Terhi; Vesakoski, Outi; Atkinson, Quentin; Skoglund, Pontus; Kushniarevich, Alena; Litvinov, Sergey; Reidla, Maere; Metspalu, Ene; Saag, Lehti; Rantanen, Timo (2018). "Genes reveal traces of common recent demographic history for most of the Uralic-speaking populations". Genome Biology. 19 (1): 139. doi:10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1. ISSN 1474-760X. PMC 6151024. PMID 30241495.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kushniarevich, Alena; Utevska, Olga; Chuhryaeva, Marina; Agdzhoyan, Anastasia; Dibirova, Khadizhat; Uktveryte, Ingrida; Möls, Märt; Mulahasanovic, Lejla; Pshenichnov, Andrey; Frolova, Svetlana; Shanko, Andrey; Metspalu, Ene; Reidla, Maere; Tambets, Kristiina; Tamm, Erika (2015-09-02). "Genetic Heritage of the Balto-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data". PLOS ONE. 10 (9) e0135820. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1035820K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135820. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4558026. PMID 26332464.
  19. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jeong, Choongwon; Balanovsky, Oleg; Lukianova, Elena; Kahbatkyzy, Nurzhibek; Flegontov, Pavel; Zaporozhchenko, Valery; Immel, Alexander; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Ixan, Olzhas; Khussainova, Elmira; Bekmanov, Bakhytzhan; Zaibert, Victor; Lavryashina, Maria; Pocheshkhova, Elvira; Yusupov, Yuldash (2019). "The genetic history of admixture across inner Eurasia". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 3 (6): 966–976. Bibcode:2019NatEE...3..966J. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0878-2. ISSN 2397-334X. PMC 6542712. PMID 31036896.

Further reading

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