Ulu scripts
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| Ulu scripts | |
|---|---|
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| Script type | |
Period | c. 13th–present |
| Direction | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:GetParameters' not found. |
| Region | Sumatra, Indonesia |
| Languages | Malay, Bengkulu, Kerinci, Lampung, Rejang, Serawai, and others |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
Sister systems | Balinese Batak Baybayin scripts Javanese Lontara Makasar Old Sundanese |
| Unicode | |
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Template:Writing systems in Indonesia Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Sidebar/configuration' not found.
The Ulu scripts, locally known as Surat Ulu ('upstream script')Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[a] are a family of writing systems found in the regions of Kerinci, Bengkulu, Palembang and Lampung, in central and south Sumatra, Indonesia. They were used to write manuscripts in Malay and other Sumatran languages. The Malay writing was gradually replaced by the Jawi script, a localized version of the Arabic script.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[1]
Naming
The name Ulu ('upstream') refers to the Barisan Mountains where the rivers in South Sumatra and Bengkulu originate.[2]Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[b][c]
The Ulu script is also known as Rencong script (Template:Langx), a term thought to be derived from the Old Malay word mèncong, which means oblique or italics.[4][5] It could also be derived from the word runcing ('sharp'), as this script family was originally written with a sharp knife tip.[6] Regardless of its origin, Western scholars frequently use this term to refer to this family of scripts.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[d]
Mervyn A. Jaspan (1926-1975), an anthropologist at the University of Hull, called it Kaganga script after the first three consonant letters, ka ga nga. He was probably not aware that most Brahmi script lineages begin their alphabetic order with these.[7]Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.[2][e] This is equivalent to the word "alphabet," which is derived from the names of the first two letters of the Greek alphabet (Α-Β, alpha-beta), and the word "abjad," which is derived from the names of the first four letters of the Arabic alphabet (ا-ب-ج-د, alif-ba-jim-dal).
Several tribes have their own names in addition to the three mentioned above. For example, this script family is known as the surat ʁincung among the Pasemah ethnic group.[8]
Materials
Rencong script was often written on tree bark, bamboo, horns and palmyra-palm leaves.[9]
Disambiguation
The term "Rencong" is often confused with "Rejang", which refers to a specific Rencong alphabet that was used to write various dialects of the Rejang language and for writing Malay in the region.
Distribution
This map below shows the distribution of various Rencong alphabets in South Sumatra:
Galleries
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Gelumpai inscribed with the Rejang script
See also
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Notes
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- ^ The term Surat Ulu which refers to the Rencong or Ka-Ga-Nga script is found, among others, in the Mal. 6873, Mal 6874, Mal. 6884, Mal. 6877, and L.Or. 12.247 (Leiden University Library) manuscripts.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
- ^ "Surat ulu is a local name and a common term for its supporting community to refer to scripts known as rencong or Ka-Ga-Nga by Western scholars. According to Jalil (from the village of Muara Timput) and Meruki (from the village of Ujung Padang), and Pidin (from the village of Napal Jungur), several informants called the Pallava-derived local scripts as Surat Ulu. Westenenk's notes (1922:95), published in TBG edition 61,[3] demonstrate that the Surat Ulu term is a local term used by the community that supports the Ulu writing tradition."Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
- ^ "Old people in southern Sumatra frequently refer to the Lampung script as the Ulu script..."Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
- ^ Regarding the naming relationship between the Rencong script and Surat Ulu, L. C. Westenenk writes as follows:Template:Verse translation
- ^ According to Mohammad Noeh, these scripts are "referred to as the Ka Ga Nga writing, which is an ancient script system originating from India."Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
References
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Izzuddin, M. Haidar (2026-02-12). "Surat Ulu dan Perkembangannya: Tradisi Tulis dari Wilayah Uluan Sumatera Bagian Selatan". Tinta Emas (in Bahasa Indonesia). Retrieved 2026-03-13.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Aksara Kaganga Bengkulu – Kantor Bahasa Provinsi Bengkulu" (in Bahasa Indonesia). 26 January 2017. Archived from the original on 2023-02-02. Retrieved 2021-11-10.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:weswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Carian Umum". prpm.dbp.gov.my. Retrieved 2021-11-10.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Hasil Pencarian - KBBI Daring". kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id. Retrieved 2021-11-10.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pitri, Nandia (2019). "Batik Incung dan Islam di Kerinci". Jurnal Islamika: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman. 19 (2): 27–39. doi:10.32939/islamika.v19i02.450. S2CID 226806123.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.M. A. Jaspan (1964). Folk literature of South Sumatra: Redjang Ka-Ga-Nga Texts. Internet Archive.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mahdi, Sutiono (2014). Aksara base besemah : pelajaghan mbace nga nulis urup ulu (surat ghincung). Dewi Saputri. Bandung. ISBN 978-602-9238-64-8. OCLC 906670726.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Miller, Christopher. (2011). Indonesian and Philippine Scripts and extensions not yet encoded or proposed for encoding in Unicode as of version 6.0: A report for the Script Encoding Initiative.
Bibliographies
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sarwono, Sarwit; Rahayu, Ngudining (2014). Pusat Penulisan dan Para Penulis Manuskrip Ulu di Bengkulu (PDF) (in Bahasa Indonesia). Universitas Bengkulu: UNIB Press. ISBN 978-979-9431-85-1.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pudjiastuti, Titik (1996). Aksara dan Naskah Kuno Lampung Dalam Pandangan Masyarakat Lampung Kini (PDF) (in Bahasa Indonesia). Jakarta: Proyek Pengkajian dan Pembinaan Nilai-nilai Budaya Pusat Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
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