Urum language
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Urum (Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang".) is a Turkic language spoken by several thousand Urums, an ethnic Greek population who inhabit a few villages in southeastern Ukraine. Over the past few generations, there has been a deviation from teaching children Urum to the more common languages of the region, leaving a fairly limited number of new speakers.[3] The Urum language is often considered a variant of Crimean Tatar.
Name and etymology
The name Urum is derived from Rûm 'Rome', the term for the Byzantine Empire in the Muslim world. The Ottoman Empire used it to describe non-Muslims within the empire. The initial vowel in Urum is prothetic. Turkic languages originally did not have Script error: No such module "IPA". in word-initial position, and so in borrowed words they used to add a vowel before it. The common use of the term Urum appears to have led to some confusion, as most Turkish-speaking Greeks were called Urum. The Turkish-speaking population in Georgia is often confused with the distinct community in Ukraine.[4][5]
Classification
Urum is a Turkic language belonging to the West Kipchak branch of the family. Johanson (2021) classifies it as a variety of Crimean Tatar.[6]
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | |
| Close | i | ü /y/ | ı /ɯ/ | u |
| Close-mid | e | o | ||
| Near-open | *ä /æ/ | ö /œ/ | ||
| Open | a | |||
* - wasn't marked as a separate phonem from the phonem /e/.[7]
Examples
- Script error: No such module "lang"./še(e)r[7] - city[8]
- Script error: No such module "lang"./el[7] - hand
- Script error: No such module "lang". - lake
- Script error: No such module "lang". - wind
- Script error: No such module "lang". - road
- Script error: No such module "lang". - dog
- Script error: No such module "lang". - ring
- Script error: No such module "lang"./hız[7] - girl
- Script error: No such module "lang". - bird
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ ⟨nʼ⟩ | ŋ | ||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | c ⟨tʼ⟩ | k | |||
| voiced | b | d | ɟ ⟨dʼ⟩ | g | ||||
| Affricate | voiceless | (ts) | tʃ ⟨č⟩ | |||||
| voiced | dʒ ⟨ǰ⟩ | |||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | (θ) | s | ʃ ⟨š⟩ | x ⟨h⟩ | h | |
| voiced | v | (ð) | z | ʒ ⟨ž⟩ | ɣ ⟨ğ⟩ | |||
| Approximant | (w) | j | ||||||
| Lateral | plain | l | ||||||
| velarized | ɫ | |||||||
| Flap | ɾ | ɾʲ ⟨rʼ⟩ | ||||||
/θ, ð/ appear solely in loanwords from Greek. /t͡s/ appears in loanwords. [w] can be an allophone of /v/ after vowels.[8][9]
Grammar
The Urum language, like other Turkic languages, is agglutinative. This means that many different affixes are used in word formation in the Urum language.
Nouns
Nouns in Urum language have two numbers: singular; (Script error: No such module "Lang". 'child') and plural -lAr; (Script error: No such module "Lang". 'children'). There are 7 cases:
- Nominative: M'en büyük çöl'e s'evnıyım — I admire the vast steppe.
- Genitive: Oların el'leri — Their hands.
- Accusative: S'en almanı aşaysın/yeyisin. — You are eating an apple.
- Dative (allative): M'en ev'e varayım. — I am going home.
- Locative: M'en Mariupol'da otruydum. — I lived in Mariupol.
- Ablative: Bız d'el'iyik skol'adan. — We are going from the school.
- Instrumental: Sınız l'est'ernen kartop çıharıysınız. — You dig potatoes with a shovel.
| Case | Ending |
| Nominative | −Ø |
| Genitive | −(n)Yn |
| Accusative | −(n)Y |
| Dative (Allative) | −(y)A |
| Locative | −DA |
| Ablative | −DAn |
| Instrumental | −nAn |
Verbs
Declination of verbs in Urum language are not very different from declination of verbs in Crimean Tatar language:
| singular | plural | |
| 1st | −Ym | −YK |
| 2nd | −sYn | −sYnYz |
| 3rd | −Ø | −lAr |
Examples:
- M'en büyük çöl'e s'evnıyım.
- Gül'eyik bız toptan.
- Neye sız b'ekleysin.
- Sız Urumcas laf eteysiniz.
Due to the small number of sources, only 3 tenses were identified (most likely, in the Urum language there were and are as many tenses as there are in the Crimean Tatar language).
| Tenses | Positive | Negative |
| Presens | −(A)y− | −mAy− |
| Past | −dI− | −mAdI− |
| Future | −cA− | −?− |
Writing system
A few manuscripts are known to be written in Urum using Greek characters.[10] During the period between 1927 and 1937, the Urum language was written in reformed Latin characters, the New Turkic Alphabet, and used in local schools; at least one primer is known to have been printed. In 1937, the use of written Urum stopped. In 2000, Alexander Garkavets uses the following alphabet:[7]
| А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Ғ ғ | Д д | (Δ δ) | Д′ д′ |
| (Ђ ђ) | Е е | Ж ж | Җ җ | З з | И и | Й й | К к |
| Л л | М м | Н н | Ң ң | О о | Ӧ ӧ | П п | Р р |
| С с | Т т | Т′ т′ | (Ћ ћ) | У у | Ӱ ӱ | Υ υ | Ф ф |
| Х х | Һ һ | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы |
| Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я | Θ θ | 1111 | 2222 | W w |
In an Urum primer issued in Kyiv in 2008, the following alphabet is suggested:[11]
| А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Ґ ґ | Д д | Д' д' | Дж дж |
| Е е | З з | И и | Й й | К к | Л л | М м | Н н |
| О о | Ӧ ӧ | П п | Р р | С с | Т т | Т' т' | У у |
| Ӱ ӱ | Ф ф | Х х | Ч ч | Ш ш | Ы ы | Э э | W w |
In 2025, people from the organization North Azovian Greeks (Urums and Roumeans) created a new Urum alphabet based on the Latin alphabet in Kyiv.
| A a | B b | C c | Ç ç | D d | E e | F f | G g |
| Ğ ğ | H h | I ı | İ i | J j | K k | L l | M m |
| N n | O o | Ö ö | P p | R r | S s | Ş ş | T t |
| U u | Ü ü | V v | Y y | Z z |
Publications
Very little has been published on the Urum language. There exists a very small lexicon,[12] and a small description of the language.[13] For Caucasian Urum, there is a language documentation project that collected a dictionary,[14] a set of grammatically relevant clausal constructions,[15] and a text corpus.[16] The website of the project contains issues about language and history.[17]
See also
References
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- ^ Urum at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Про затвердження переліку мов національних меншин (спільнот) та корінних народів України, яким загрожує зникнення". Official webportal of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. 7 June 2024.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Did you know Urum is endangered?". Endangered Languages. Archived from the original on 2017-02-11. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Казаков, Алексей (December 2000). Понтийские греки (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2008-01-27.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gordon, Raymond G., ed. (2005). "Ethnologue Report for Urum". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. SIL International.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Johanson, Lars (2021). Turkic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 63.
- ^ a b c d e Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Гаркавець, Олександр (2000). Урумський словник (pdf) (in українська and Urum). p. 632.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Stavros, Skopeteas (2016). "The Caucasian Urums and the Urum language/Kafkasya Urumları ve Urum Dili". Handbook of Endangered Turkic Languages.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Podolsky, Baruch (1986). Notes on the Urum language. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 99–112.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Urum". Language Museum. Archived from the original on July 5, 2015.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Смолина, Мария (2008). Урумский язык. Урум дили (приазовский вариант). Учебное пособие для начинающих с аудиоприложением (in русский and Urum). Odzhakʺ. p. 168. ISBN 978-966-8535-15-4. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2011-07-20.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Podolsky, Baruch (1985). A Tatar - English Glossary. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-00299-9.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Podolsky, Baruch (1986). "Notes on the Urum Language". Mediterranean Language Review. 2: 99–112.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Skopeteas; Moisidi; Sella-Mazi; Yordanoglu (2010). "Urum basic lexicon. Ms" (PDF). University of Bielefeld. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-26.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Verhoeven; Moisidi; Yordanoglu (2010). "Urum basic grammatical structures. Ms" (PDF). University of Bremen. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-26.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Skopeteas; Moisidi (2010). "Urum text collection. Ms". University of Bielefeld. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-09-19.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Urum documentation project". Archived from the original on 2012-04-26.
External links
- Urum DoReCo corpus compiled by Stavros Skopeteas, Violeta Moisidi, Nutsa Tsetereli, Johanna Lorenz and Stefanie Schröter. Audio recordings of narrative texts with transcriptions time-aligned at the phone level, translations, and time-aligned morphological annotations.
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