Vienne, Isère

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Template:Short description Script error: No such module "about". Script error: No such module "Distinguish". Template:DMCA Script error: No such module "Template wrapper".Script error: No such module "Check for conflicting parameters". Vienne (Script error: No such module "IPA".; Template:Langx) is a town in southeastern France, located 35 kilometres (22 mi) south of Lyon, at the confluence of the Gère and the Rhône. It is the fourth-largest commune in the Isère department, of which it is a subprefecture alongside La Tour-du-Pin. Vienne was a major centre of the Roman Empire under the Latin name Vienna.

Vienne was the capital of the Allobroges, a Gallic people, before its conquest by the Romans. Transformed into a Roman colony in 47 BC under Julius Caesar, it became a major urban centre, ideally located along the Rhône, then a major axis of communication. Emperor Augustus banished Herod the Great's son, the ethnarch Herod Archelaus to Vienne in 6 AD.[2]

As Vienne was a Roman provincial capital, remains of Roman constructions are still widespread across it. The city was also an important early bishopric in Christian Gaul. Its most famous bishop was Avitus of Vienne. At the Council of Vienne, which was convened there in October 1311, Pope Clement V abolished the order of the Knights Templar. During the Middle Ages, Vienne was part of the Kingdom of Provence, part of the Holy Roman Empire; on the opposite bank of the Rhône was Kingdom of France, which made the city strategically important.[3]

The town is now a regional commercial and industrial centre, known regionally for its Saturday market. A Roman temple, circus pyramid and theatre (where the annual Jazz à Vienne is held), as well as museums (archaeological, textile industry) and notable Catholic buildings, make tourism an important part of the town's economy.

History

Roman Vienne

The oppidum of the Allobroges became a Roman colony about 47 BC under Julius Caesar, but the Allobroges managed to expel the Romans; the exiles then founded the colony of Lugdunum (today's Lyon).[3] Herod Archelaus, the Ethnarch of Judea, was exiled here in 6 AD.[4] During the early Empire, Vienna (as the Romans called it—not to be confused with today's Vienna, then known as Vindobona) regained all its former privileges as a Roman colony. In 260 Postumus was proclaimed Emperor here of a short-lived Gallo-Roman Empire. Later it became a provincial capital of the Dioecesis Viennensis.

Vienne became the seat of the vicar of prefects after the creation of regional dioceses, of which the date is still controversial. Regional dioceses were created during the First Tetrarchy, 293–305, or possibly later as some recent studies suggest in 313, but no later than the Verona List, which is securely dated to June 314.[5]

On the bank of the Gère are traces of the ramparts of the old Roman city, and on Mont Pipet (east of the town) are the remains of a Roman theatre, while the thirteenth-century castle built on Mont Salomon on the orders of Archbishop Jean de Bernin [fr] is said to have been built on the site of a former Roman fort.[6] Several ancient aqueducts remain in the Gère valley and parts of Roman roads are preserved (in particular in the city park).

Two important Roman monuments still stand at Vienne. One is the Early Imperial Temple of Augustus and Livia, a rectangular peripteral building of the Corinthian order, erected by the emperor Claudius, which owes its survival, like the Maison Carrée at Nîmes, to being converted to a church soon after the Theodosian decrees and later rededicated as "Notre Dame de Vie". During the Revolutionary Reign of Terror it was used for the local Festival of Reason. The other is the Plan de l'Aiguille, a truncated pyramid resting on a portico with four arches, from the Roman circus. Legends from the 13th century mention Pontius Pilate's death in Vienne. Later legends held that the pyramid was either the tomb of Herod Archelaus or of Pontius Pilate.[7]

The vestiges of a temple to Cybèle were discovered in 1945 when a new hospital was built on Mount Salomon and the Ancien Hôpital in the center of town was torn down. Subsequent archaeological research conducted in 1965 permitted detailed reconstruction of the floor plan for the temple as well as the surrounding forum and established that the temple was constructed in the first century AD.[8]

Christian Vienne

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File:Léonard Périer, La Vierge à l’Enfant (face). Pierre de Volvic. Vienne, la colline de Pipet. Photo, Jamie Mulherron.jpg
Léonard Périer, Virgin and Child, colossal statue overlooking Vienne from the Pipet hill

The provincial capital was an important early seat of a bishop and the legendary first bishop is said to have been Crescens, a disciple of Paul. There were Christians here in 177 when the churches of Vienne and Lyon addressed a letter to those of Asia and Phrygia, and mention is made of Sanctus, a deacon of Vienne (Eusebius of Caesarea, Church History).[9] The first historical bishop was Verus, who was present at the Council of Arles (314). About 450, Vienne's bishops became archbishops, several of whom played an important cultural role, e.g. Mamertus, who established Rogation pilgrimages, and the poet, Avitus (498–518). Vienne's archbishops and those of Lyon disputed the title of "Primate of All the Gauls" based on the dates of founding of the cities compared to the dates of founding of the bishoprics.[3] Vienne's archbishopric was suppressed in 1790,[3] during the French Revolution and officially terminated 11 years later by the Concordat of 1801.

Burgundian Vienne

Vienne was a target during the Migration Period: it was taken by the Burgundians in 438, but re-taken by the Romans and held until 461, when it was incorporated again into the Kingdom of the Burgundians. In 534, the Franks captured Vienne, and annexed it into the Merovingian state. It was sacked by the Lombards in 558, and later by the Moors in 737.[3] When Carolingian Empire was divided into three parts by the Treaty of Verdun (843), Vienne became part of Middle Francia. Under the Treaty of Prüm (855), it became part of the Burgundian realm of Charles of Provence (d. 863).

King Charles II the Bald assigned the Viennois district in 869 to Comte Boso of Provence, who in 879 proclaimed himself king of Provence and on his death in 887 was buried at Vienne in the cathedral church of St. Maurice.[3] Vienne then continued as capital of the Kingdom of Provence, and from 933 of the Kingdom of Burgundy until 1032, when the region was incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire.

The temporal rule over the city was exercised by the archbishops of Vienne. Their rights were repeatedly recognized, but they had various local rivals, mainly in the counts of Albon, who were styled as "dauphins of Viennois", since they held much of the region of Viennois, but did not hold power over the city itself. In 1349, dauphin Humbert II sold his domains in Dauphiné to the french king Philip VI, but the archbishop stood firm and the city of Vienne was not included in this sale, remaining under the archiepiscopal rule until the middle of the 15th century, when it was finally incorporated into Dauphiné.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

Gui de Bourgogne, who was archbishop from 1090 to 1119, was elected pope in 1119 and served as Callixtus II until his death in 1124.[3]

Jean de Bernin drew up a municipal charter (charte des franchises) for Vienne around 1225 (including provisions for a town council). Nevertheless, it was only in the fifteenth century that the coat of arms (Vienna civitas sancta) with an elm tree is attested (based on a tree uprooted around 1430 from near Saint-André-le-bas).Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

The Council of Vienne was the fifteenth Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church that met between 1311 and 1312 in Vienne. Its principal act was to withdraw papal support for the Knights Templar[3] on the instigation of Philip IV of France.

The archbishops gave up their territorial powers over Vienne to the Dauphin of Viennois in 1448-1450.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

Reformation and Renaissance

File:Michel Servet printemps.jpg
Joseph Bernard's statue of Michael Servetus in the city park

Between 1482 and 1527, French kings appointed four Italians as archbishop of Vienne in succession, beginning with Angelo Cato [fr], a doctor and astrologer. The last of these, Scaramuccia Trivulzio, died in Rome before he could take possession of the archbishopric, which allowed for the confirmation of Pierre Palmier [fr], elected by the canons of Saint-Maurice in an act of resistance to the royal practice of appointing foreign prelates.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. At this time, there was no shortage of priests:Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. a 1551 consular document indicated that over 5000 masses were celebrated each year in Vienne.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

As a result of a 1540 printers' strike in Lyon, Michael Servetus' publisher moved to Vienne,Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. where Pierre Palmier had invited his former teacher to come live.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. From 1541, Servetus worked as a doctor in the town, where he was known as Michel de Villeneuve, but also participated in decisions related to town infrastructure (rebuilding the Saint-Sévère bridge over the Gère after the 13 October 1544 flood).Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. In January 1553 his Christianismi Restitutio[α] was published anonymously in Vienne in a clandestine workshop, after being refused by a publisher in Basel.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Jean Frellon, a Lyon bookseller, sent a copy to the theologian John Calvin,Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. because Servetus had included his correspondence with Calvin in the book.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Calvin, who viewed Servetus as a delirious braggart, insinuated dire consequences should Servetus come to Geneva.[β] In the book, Servetus was also critical of the Pope and the Roman church, particularly of the doctrine of the Trinity and of child baptism. By order of Cardinal François de Tournon and Archbishop Palmier, he was arrested on 5 April 1553.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Questioned for the next two days by the inquisitor Matthieu Ory, among others, he denied that he was Servetus, saying he had usurped the name for his correspondence with Calvin.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. On the morning of the third day, he managed to escape from the prison due to the special privileges accorded him by the bailliff.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. Ory recommended that he be found guilty of heresy, which was done on 17 June, when he was condemned to be burned at the stake, along with his books, in a then-undeveloped area of the Saint-Martin neighbourhood.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

Vienne was sacked in 1562 by the Protestants under the baron des Adrets, and was held by the Catholic League from 1590 until 1595, when it was taken in the name of King Henry IV by Henri de Montmorency. The fortifications were demolished between 1589 and 1636.[3] The Hôtel de Ville was commissioned as a private residence in the late 17th century.[10]

Industrial era

File:Espace Saint-Germain à Vienne (Le Manège).jpg
On the right, the manège (1886) of the former cavalry regiment in the Saint-Germain neighbourhood, now a concert hall

Train stations were built in Vienne in 1855 and in Estressin in 1875 providing freight transport to the textile and metallurgy industries, which took advantage of the water power in the Gère valley.[11]

In 1875, the State signed a contract with Vienne for the establishment of a cavalry regiment, necessitating the construction of a barracks from 1882 to 1886 in what became known as the Quartier Saint-Germain in 1887. When the last military regiment was disbanded in 1990, the former barracks was transformed into a business center, with some of the buildings conserved, such as the riding academy, which became a concert hall in 2018.[12]

Population

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Monuments

File:Marguerite et le temple.jpg
The Roman temple (Temple d'Auguste et de Livie, Temple of Augustus and Livia) in Vienne

The two outstanding Roman remains in Vienne are the temple of Augustus and Livia, and the Plan de l'Aiguille or Pyramide, a truncated pyramid resting on a portico with four arches, which was associated with the city's Roman circus.

The early Romanesque church of Saint Peter belonged to an ancient Benedictine abbey and was rebuilt in the ninth century, with tall square piers and two ranges of windows in the tall aisles and a notable porch. It is one of France's oldest Christian buildings dating from the 5th century laid-out in the form of a basilica and having a large and well constructed nave. It also has a Romanesque tower and a sculptured South portal containing a statue of Saint Peter. Today, the building houses a lapidary museum that holds a Junon head and a statue of Tutela, the city's protective divinity.

The Gothic former cathedral of St Maurice was built between 1052 and 1533. It is a basilica, with three aisles and an apse, but no ambulatory or transepts. It is 315 feet (96 m) in length, 118 feet (36 m) wide and 89 feet (27 m) in height. The most striking portion is the west front, which rises majestically from a terrace overhanging the Rhône. Its sculptural decoration was badly damaged by the Protestants in 1562 during the Wars of Religion.[3]

The Romanesque church of St André en Bas was the church of a second Benedictine monastery, and became the chapel of the earlier kings of Provence. It was rebuilt in 1152, in the later Romanesque style.[3]

The Monument aux Morts in front of the train station is the work of Claude Grange and was inaugurated on 9 September 1923 by Philippe Pétain.[15][16]

Notable people

File:Saint Avit sculpture.JPG
Sculpture of St. Avitus of Vienne

Twin towns – sister cities

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Climate

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Notes

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  1. ^ The title of the book deliberately echoes Calvin's Institutio Christianae Religionis.
  2. ^ Writing to William Farel of Servetus' "Thrasonic bravado" in 1546, and of the latter's announced plan to visit him in Geneva, Calvin said that as long as his voice carried weight in Geneva, should Servetus come, he would never return home aliveLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. —a wish that came to be fulfilled seven years later.

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in français). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 6 June 2023.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Flavius Josephus. "Book 17". Antiquities of the Jews. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Wikisource One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
  4. ^ Josephus, Wars of the Jews (book 2, chapter 7, verse 3).
  5. ^ Constantin Zuckerman, 'Sur la liste de Vérone et la province de Grande Arménie, la division de l'empire et la date de création des diocèses', 2002 Travaux et Mémoires 12: Mélanges Gilbert Dagron, pp. 618–637 argues for a decision to create diocese by Constantine and Licinius at the meeting in Milan in February 313; since 1980 several scholars have suggested later dates (303, 305, 306, 313/14) than the traditional date of 297 set by Theodor Mommsen in the late 19th century
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Château de la Bâtie à Vienne dans l'Isère". museedupatrimoine.fr. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  7. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jacques Berlioz (1990). "Crochet de fer et puits à tempêtes: La légende de Ponce Pilate à Vienne (Isère) et au mont Pilat au XIIIe siècle". Le Monde Alpin et Rhodanien (in français). 18 (1): 85–104. doi:10.3406/mar.1990.1436.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.André Pelletier (1966). "Les fouilles du "temple de cybèle" à Vienne (Isère) rapport provisoire". Revue Archéologique (in français) (1). Presses Universitaires de France: 113–150. JSTOR 41005435.
  9. ^ Eusebius, Medieval Sourcebook: The Persecution & Martyrdoms of Lyons In 177 A.D. – The Letter of the Churchs of Vienna and Lyons to the Churches of Asia and Phrygia including the story of the Blessed Blandina, Fordham University, accessed 29 January 2023
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Barat, Lise (2003). "L'analyse d'un décor de la fin du XVIIe siècle à l'hôtel de Rachais, aujourd'hui hôtel de ville, Vienne, Isère". Lyon II. Retrieved 5 January 2025.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Quartier d'Estressin, Vienne". Art et Histoire en Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (in français). Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Caporal345 (5 October 2011). "La Garnison de Vienne". Musée du patrimoine militaire de Lyon et sa région.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Template:Cassini-Ehess
  14. ^ Population municipale entre 1968 et 2023, INSEE
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Françoise Puissanton (8 September 2023). "Vienne. Le monument aux morts a 100 ans ce samedi 9 septembre". Le Dauphiné Libéré (in français).
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Monument aux Morts". Plateforme ouverte du patrimoine. Culture Ministry. 20 June 2019.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Franz Staab (1998). "Jugement moral et propagande: Boson de Vienne vu par les élites du royaume de l'Est". In Régine Le Jen (ed.). La royauté et les élites dans l'Europe carolingienne (du début du IXe aux environs de 920). Histoire et littérature du Septentrion (IRHiS) (in français). L'institut de recherches historiques du Septentrion. pp. 365–382. ISBN 9782905637994.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Revue de Vienne: esquisses morales, littéraires, statistiques et industrielles (in français). Vol. 1. Vienne. 1837. pp. 11–14.
  19. ^ Script error: No such module "template wrapper".
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Jumelage". coei-vienne.fr (in français). Comité d'Organisation d'Echanges Internationaux de la ville de Vienne. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Normales et records pour Reventin (38)". Meteociel. Retrieved 14 December 2024.

Bibliography

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vienne (Isère).Template:Preview warning

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