Violaxanthin

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Violaxanthin[1]
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Names
IUPAC name
(3S,3′S,5R,5′R,6S,6′S)-5,6:5′,6′-Diepoxy-5,5′,6,6′-tetrahydro-β,β-carotene-3,3′-diol
Systematic IUPAC name
(1R,1′R,3S,3′S,6S,6′S)-6,6′-[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E)-3,7,12,16-Tetramethyloctadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaene-1,18-diyl]bis(1,5,5-trimethyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-3-ol)
Other names
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  • Zeaxanthin diepoxide
  • all-trans-Violaxanthin
  • E161e
Identifiers
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3D model (JSmol)
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  • InChI=1S/C40H56O4/c1-29(17-13-19-31(3)21-23-39-35(5,6)25-33(41)27-37(39,9)43-39)15-11-12-16-30(2)18-14-20-32(4)22-24-40-36(7,8)26-34(42)28-38(40,10)44-40/h11-24,33-34,41-42H,25-28H2,1-10H3/b12-11+,17-13+,18-14+,23-21+,24-22+,29-15+,30-16+,31-19+,32-20+/t33-,34-,37+,38+,39-,40-/m0/s1 checkY
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  • C\C(=C/C=C/C=C(\C)/C=C/C=C(\C)/C=C/[C@]12C(C[C@@H](C[C@]1(O2)C)O)(C)C)\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\[C@]34C(C[C@@H](C[C@]3(O4)C)O)(C)C
Properties
C40H56O4
Molar mass 600.884 g·mol−1
Appearance Orange crystals
Melting point 200 °C (392 °F; 473 K)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Violaxanthin is a xanthophyll pigment with an orange color found in a variety of plants. Violaxanthin is the product of the epoxidation of zeaxanthin where the oxygen atoms are from reactive oxygen species (ROS). Such ROS's arise when a plant is subject to solar radiation so intense that the light cannot all be absorbed by the chlorophyll.[2]

Food coloring

Violaxanthin is used as a food coloring under the E number E161e and INS number 161e. The coloring is not approved for use in food in the EU[3] or the United States, but is allowed in Australia and New Zealand.[4]

Violaxanthin cycle

Violaxanthin is a participant in the violaxanthin cycle.

The xanthophyll cycle

References

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  1. ^ Merck Index, 11th Edition, 9902.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bassi, Roberto; Dall'Osto, Luca (2021). "Dissipation of Light Energy Absorbed in Excess: The Molecular Mechanisms". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 72: 47–76. doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-071720-015522. PMID 34143647. S2CID 235480018.
  3. ^ UK Food Standards Agency: Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers". Retrieved 2011-10-27.
  4. ^ Australia New Zealand Food Standards CodePage Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Standard 1.2.4 - Labelling of ingredients". 8 September 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-27.

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