Waskia language
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Waskia (Vaskia, Woskia) is a Papuan language of Papua New Guinea.[2] It is spoken on half of Karkar Island, and a small part of the shore on the mainland, by 20,000 people; language use is vigorous. The Waskia share their island with speakers of Takia, an Oceanic language which has been restructured under the influence of Waskia, which is the inter-community language. Waskia has been documented extensively by Malcolm Ross and is being further researched by Andrew Pick.
Waskia is spoken in Tokain (Lua error: callParserFunction: function "#coordinates" was not found.), a village in Malas ward, Sumgilbar Rural LLG on the coast of mainland New Guinea, and on Karkar Island, with the island and mainland varieties being lexically divergent from each other.[3][4]
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | |
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | ||
| Fricative | s | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||
| Approximant | w | l | j | ||
| Trill | r | ||||
/ɡ/ can be pronounced as a fricative [ɣ] when in intervocalic positions.[5]
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Low | a |
Comparisons
Below are some Waskia lexical forms compared with Amako and Proto-Northern Adelbert.[2]Template:Rp
| gloss | Waskia | Amako | Proto-Northern Adelbert |
|---|---|---|---|
| hornbill | baram | bar | *baram |
| pig | buruk | bur | *buruk |
| sit | – | beng- | *bug- |
| year | barat | – | *barat |
| skin | guang | – | *guaŋ |
| thick | gurum | uŋur | *gurum |
| liver | gomang | gom | *gemaŋ |
| turn | gira- | girka- | *girik- |
| breadfruit | – | kid | *kidar |
| banana | – | kud | *kudi |
| lime | kaur | ka | *kapur |
| day, sun | kam | – | *kam |
| nape | komang | kumandup | *kumaŋ |
| plate | tawir | taw | *tabir |
| LOC | te | te | *te |
| rain | tiwik | tiv | *t(e/i)ik |
References
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- ^ Waskia at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pick, Andrew (2020). A reconstruction of Proto-Northern Adelbert phonology and lexicon (PDF) (PhD dissertation). University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-06-04. Retrieved 2023-03-01.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.United Nations in Papua New Guinea (2018). "Papua New Guinea Village Coordinates Lookup". Humanitarian Data Exchange. 1.31.9.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pick, Andrew (2019). "Gildipasi language project: tumbuna stories and tumbuna knowledge". Endangered Languages Archive at SOAS, University of London.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Barker, Fay; Lee, Janet (n.d.). A tentative phonemic statement of Waskia. Ukarumpa: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Further reading
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ross, Malcolm D.; John Natu Paol (1978). A Waskia grammar sketch and vocabulary. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-85883-174-2. OCLC 4524381.
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