Wenchang dialect
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The Wenchang dialect (simplified Chinese: 文昌话; traditional Chinese: 文昌話; pinyin: Wénchānghuà) is a dialect of Hainanese spoken in Wenchang, a county-level city in the northeast of Hainan, an island province in southern China.
It is considered the prestige form of Hainanese, and is used by the provincial broadcasting media.
Phonology
The initials of the Wenchang dialect are as follows:Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
| Bilabial | Dental | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop / Affricate | voiceless | t | tɕ | k | ʔ | |
| voiced implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ||||
| voiced | b | d | dʑ | g | ||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | ɸ | s | ɕ | h | |
| voiced | (w) | (j) | ɦ | |||
| Lateral | l | |||||
The semivowels Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". are in complementary distribution with Script error: No such module "IPA"., and may be treated as allophones of the same phoneme.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. The voiced stops Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". occur with only about ten words each.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
There are five vowels, Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA"..Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. The high vowels Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". may also occur as medials.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
The possible finals are:Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
| Vocalic codas | Nasal codas | Stop codas | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a 阿 | ai 爱 | au 后 | am 暗 | an 安 | aŋ 红 | ap 盒 | at 达 | ak 北 |
| ɛ 下 | ei 事 | eiŋ 英 | eik 益 | |||||
| i 皮 | iu 手 | in 新 | ip 邑 | it 必 | ||||
| ia 写 | iau 妖 | iam 念 | iɛn 联 | iaŋ 谁 | iap 狭 | iɛt 捏 | iak 菊 | |
| iɔ 笑 | iom 心 | iɔŋ 用 | iop 涩 | iɔk 育 | ||||
| ɔ 歌 | ɔi 鞋 | ou 侯 | ɔm 栾 | ɔn 春 | ɔŋ 公 | ɔp 合 | ɔt 黜 | ɔk 乐 |
| u 有 | ui 气 | un 轮 | ut 脫 | |||||
| ua 娃 | uai 快 | uan 湾 | uaŋ 广 | uat 挖 | uak 廓 | |||
| ue 话 | ||||||||
| m̩ 毋 | ŋ̍ 嗯 | |||||||
The Wenchang dialect has six tones on isolated syllabes:Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
| level (píng 平) | rising (shàng 上) | departing (qù 去) | entering (rù 入) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| upper (yīn 阴) | ˦ | ʔ˨˩ | ˩ | ʔ˥˩ |
| lower (yáng 阳) | ˧ | ʔ˦˨ | ||
Notes
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References
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
Sources
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Woon, Wee-Lee (1979a), "A synchronic phonology of Hainan dialect: Part I", Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 7 (1): 65–100, JSTOR 23753034.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Woon, Wee-Lee (1979b), "A synchronic phonology of Hainan dialect: Part II", Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 7 (2): 268–302, JSTOR 23752923.
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