Westerlund 2

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Westerlund 2
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The cluster Westerlund 2 and its surroundings
Credit: Hubble Space Telescope
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
Right ascensionTemplate:RA[1]
DeclinationTemplate:DEC[1]
Distance20000 ly (6000 pc)
Apparent magnitude (V)10.5[1]
Physical characteristics
Contains some of the hottest, brightest, and most massive stars.
Other designationsESO 127-18, VDBH 95[1]
Associations
ConstellationCarina
See also: Open cluster, List of open clusters

Westerlund 2 is an obscured compact young star cluster (perhaps even a super star cluster[2]) in the Milky Way, with an estimated age of about one or two million years. It contains some of the hottest, brightest, and most massive stars known. The cluster resides inside H II region RCW 49, located 20,000 light-years away in the constellation Carina. It is half a degree from the naked eye Cepheid variable V399 Carinae.[3]

Cluster members

The cluster contains at least a dozen early O stars, of which at least three are eclipsing binaries. All are hotter than 38,000 K and more luminous than 230,000 L☉.[4] There are around 20 further O class stars in the cluster, all main sequence objects implying a very young age for the cluster.[5]

A cluster of stars inside a large nebula. The clouds of gas and dust are predominantly bright red in colour and wispy, akin to flames. They are clumped in the bottom-left corner. Other clouds, deeper in the cluster behind many of the stars, appear pale pink. The stars are concentrated in the top half of the image and are mostly small, bright white and six-pointed. They cast blue light over the nebula. Other stars with very long spikes surrounding them lie in the foreground.
Westerlund 2 imaged by the James Webb Space Telescope (north is towards bottom right)

Several Wolf–Rayet stars are found in the vicinity of Westerlund 2, although not in the central core. WR 20a, a binary consisting of two WR stars, and the single stars WR 20aa, WR 20b, and WR 20c are all thought to be members of the cluster, although possibly now runaway members. All five Wolf Rayets are extremely young massive objects with OIf*/WN spectral types, amongst the most luminous stars in the galaxy. This composite spectral type indicates young very massive hydrogen-burning stars that are just starting to convect nitrogen and helium to the surface and develop denser stellar winds so that they show the emission lines of a Wolf-Rayet star. WR21a, itself a massive binary, lies in the same direction but is unlikely to be a member of Westerlund 2.[6]

Westerlund 2 also contains a large number of pre-main sequence stars with masses below 2.5 M☉. These stars constrain the age of the cluster to near 2 Myr.[7]

Discovery

File:Westerlund 2 Young.jpg
Westerlund 2 surrounded by stellar nursery RCW 49

As its name indicates, the Westerlund 2 cluster was discovered by Bengt Westerlund in the 1960s[8] but its stellar content was assessed only in later years.[9]

Hubble 25th Anniversary Image

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". On 23 April 2015 an image of the Westerlund 2 cluster was chosen to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Hubble Space Telescope.[3]

See also

References

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  1. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Cl Westerlund 2". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 1 May 2018. {{cite web}}: Invalid |mode=Script error: No such module "Citation mode". (help)
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Y. Fukui; et al. (2015). "Cloud-cloud collision which triggered formation of the super star cluster RCW38". The Astrophysical Journal. 1504 (1): 26. arXiv:1504.05391. Bibcode:2016ApJ...820...26F. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/820/1/26. S2CID 118096773.
  3. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Hubble Space Telescope Celebrates 25 Years of Unveiling the Universe". NASA. 23 April 2015.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rauw; et al. (1 March 2007). "Early-type stars in the core of the young open cluster Westerlund 2". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 463 (3): 981–991. arXiv:astro-ph/0612622. Bibcode:2007A&A...463..981R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066495. S2CID 17776145.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hur, Hyeonoh; Park, Byeong-Gon; Sung, Hwankyung; Bessell, Michael S.; Lim, Beomdu; Chun, Moo-Young; Sohn, Sangmo Tony (2015). "Reddening, distance, and stellar content of the young open cluster Westerlund 2". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 446 (4): 3797–3819. arXiv:1411.0879. Bibcode:2015MNRAS.446.3797H. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2329.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Carraro, G.; Turner, D.; Majaess, D.; Baume, G. (2013). "The distance to the young open cluster Westerlund 2". Astronomy. 555: A50. arXiv:1305.4309. Bibcode:2013A&A...555A..50C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321421. S2CID 53756444.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ascenso, J.; Alves, J.; Beletsky, Y.; Lago, M. T. V. T. (2007). "Near-IR imaging of Galactic massive clusters: Westerlund 2". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 466 (1): 137–149. Bibcode:2007A&A...466..137A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066433.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bengt Westerlund (1 March 1961). "A Heavily Reddened Cluster in Ara". Astronomical Journal. 70: 57. Bibcode:1961AJ.....66T..57W. doi:10.1086/108585.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Moffat; et al. (1 August 1991). "New Wolf-Rayet stars in Galactic open clusters - Sher 1 and the giant H II region core Westerlund 2". Astronomical Journal. 102: 642–653. Bibcode:1991AJ....102..642M. doi:10.1086/115897.

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