Extended Graphics Array
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| Release date | 1990 |
|---|---|
| History | |
| Predecessor | 8514/A |
| Successor | XGA-2 |
The eXtended Graphics Array (usually called XGA) is a graphics card manufactured by IBM and introduced for the IBM PS/2 line of personal computers in 1990 as a successor to the 8514/A. It supports, among other modes, a display resolution of Template:Resx pixels with 256 colors at 43.5 Hz (interlaced), or Template:Resx at 60 Hz (non-interlaced) with up to 65,536 colors.[2][3] The XGA-2 added an Template:Resx 65,536 color mode and Template:Resx 60 Hz non-interlaced.[2]
The XGA was introduced at $1095 with 512K VRAM and additional $350 for the 512 KB memory expansion (equivalent to $2700 and $860, respectively, in 2025).[4][2] As with the 8514/A, XGA required a Micro Channel architecture bus at a time when ISA systems were standard, however due to more extensive documentation and licensing ISA clones of XGA were made. XGA was integrated into the motherboard of the PS/2 Model 95 XP 486.[3]
An improved version called XGA-2 was introduced in 1992 at $360, worth $830 in 2025 dollars.
XGA gives its name to the resolution Template:Resx, as IBM's VGA gave its name to Template:Resx, despite the IBM 8514/A and PGC cards respectively supporting those resolutions prior to the eponyms.
Features
The 8514 had used a standardised API called the "Adapter Interface" or AI. This interface is also used by XGA, IBM Image Adapter/A, and clones of the 8514/A and XGA such as the ATI Technologies Mach 32 and IIT AGX. The interface allows computer software to offload common 2D-drawing operations (line-draw, color-fill, and block copies via a blitter) onto the hardware. This frees the host CPU for other tasks, and greatly improves the speed of redrawing a graphics visual (such as a pie-chart or CAD-illustration).[2][3] Hardware-level documentation of the XGA was also made, which had not been available for the 8514/A.[3]
XGA introduced a 64x64 hardware sprite which was typically used for the mouse pointer.
Differences from 8514/A
- Register-compatible with VGA[3]
- Adds a 132 column text mode and high color in Template:Resx[3]
- Requires a minimum of 80386 host CPU[3]
- Provides a 3-dimensional drawing space called a "bitmap" which may reside anywhere in system memory[3]
- Adds a sprite for a hardware cursor[3]
- The Adapter Interface driver is moved to a .SYS file instead of TSR program[3]
- Provisions made for multitasking environment[3]
- XGA can act as bus master and access system memory directly[3]
- Hardware level documentation has been provided by IBM[3]
XGA-2
XGA-2 added support for non-interlaced Template:Resx and made 1MB VRAM standard. It had a programmable PLL circuit and pixel clocks up to 90 MHz, enabling a 75 Hz refresh rate at Template:Resx. The Template:Resx resolution was added with 16 bit high color support. The DAC was increased to 8 bits per channel, and the accelerated functions were enabled at 16 bit color depth. Faster VRAM also improved performance.[2]
Output capabilities
The XGA offered:
- Template:Resx:
- graphics mode with 256 colors at once (8-bit) out of 262,144 (18-bit RGB palette);
- graphics with 65,536 colors at once (16-bit "high color");
- text mode with 80×34 characters
- Template:Resx:
- graphics with 256 colors out of 262,144;
- text with 85×38 or 146×51 characters
XGA-2 introduced:
- Template:Resx graphics with 256 colors out of 16.7M (24-bit palette);
- Template:Resx graphics with 65,536 colors at once;
- Template:Resx graphics with 256 colors out of 16.7M
Later clone boards offered additional resolutions:
- Template:Resx graphics with 16.7M accessible colors at once (if it were possible with Template:Resx pixels) (24-bit "true color");
- Template:Resx graphics with 16.7M colors at once;
- Template:Resx graphics with 65,536 and 16.7M colors at once
Clones
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Unlike with the 8514/A, IBM fully documented the hardware interface to XGA. Further, IBM licensed the XGA design to SGS-Thomson (inmos) and Intel. The IIT AGX014 was largely compatible with the XGA-2 and offered some enhancements.
The VESA Group introduced a common standardized way to access features like hardware cursors, Bit Block transfers (Bit Blt), off screen sprites, hardware panning, drawing and other functions with VBE/accelerator functions (VBE/AF) in August 1996. This, along with standardised device drivers for operating systems such as Microsoft Windows, eliminated the need for a hardware standard for graphics.
See also
References
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- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."XGA Logo". Paul Rand Foundation. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
- ^ a b c d e Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jon Peddie (8 April 2019). "Famous Graphics Chips: IBM's XGA. The End of an Era". IEEE.org.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Julio Sanchez; Maria P. Canton (2003). The PC Graphics Handbook. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 9780203010532.
- ^ 1634–1699: Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved 29 February 2024.
Further reading
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jake Richter (1992). Power Programming the IBM XGA. MIS Press. ISBN 9781558281271.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Richard F. Ferraro (1994). Programmer's Guide to the EGA, VGA, and Super VGA Cards. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 9780201624908.
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