Xitun Formation

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Xitun Formation
Stratigraphic range: Early Devonian (Lochkovian)
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TypeGeological formation
Unit ofCuifengshan Group[1]
UnderliesGuijiatun Formation[2]
OverliesXiaxishancun Formation[2]
Lithology
PrimaryCalciferous mudstones[2]
Location
Coordinates25°29.853'N and 103°46.309'E[2]
RegionYunnan Province
CountryChina
ExtentQujing
Type section
Named forXitun village

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The Xitun Formation is a palaeontological formation which is named after Xitun village in Qujing, a location in South China. This formation includes many remains of fossilized fish and plants of the Early Devonian period (Late Lochkovian).[1][2] It was originally referred to as the Xitun Member of the Cuifengshan Formation (now the Cuifengshan Group).[3]

Fossil content

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Animals

Acanthodians

Acanthodians reported from the Xitun Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Ischnacanthidae Genus indet. Qujing.[3] 4 isolated scales (V7218.1, 3, 6 & 8) & 2 longitudinal sections (V7218.4 & 7).[3] Similar to Ischnacanthus & Acanthodes, may be referrable to Youngacanthus.
Nostolepis N. amplifica Xitun, Xishan subdistrict, Qujing.[4] 43 trunk scales.[4]
N. consueta Xitun, Xishan subdistrict, Qujing.[4] Around 25 trunk scales.[4]
N. digitus Xitun, Xishan subdistrict, Qujing.[4] 28 trunk scales.[4]
N. qujingensis Xitun, Xishan subdistrict, Qujing.[4] 19 trunk scales.[4]
N. striata Xitun, Xishan subdistrict, Qujing.[4] 69 trunk scales.[4]
N. sp. indet. Qujing.[3] Body scales.[3]
Youngacanthus Y. gracilis Qujing.[3] Jaw elements & teeth.[3] An ischnacanthid.

Actinopterygians

Actinopterygians reported from the Xitun Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Meemannia M. eos Xitun village, Qujing.[5] An early ray-finned fish, formerly thought to be a lobe finned fish.[6]

Arthropods

Arthropods reported from the Xitun Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Qujingopterus[7] Q. spineus A stylonurid eurypterid
File:Qujingopterus spineus holotype.jpg

Chondrichthyes

Chondrichthyes reported from the Xitun Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Changolepis C. tricuspidus Qujing.[3] 10 scales of various growth stages.[3]
Chondrichthyes Genus indet. Qujing.[3] 4 isolated teeth (V7221.1, 2, 3 & 4). May belong to Gualepis or Changolepis.
Gualepis G. elegans Xitun, Qilin district, Qujing.[8] Thousands of isolated scales.[3][8]
Ohiolepis? O.? xitunensis Qujing.[3] A complete scale (V7233.1) & an incomplete scale (V7223.2).[3]
Peilepis P. solida Qujing.[3] A body scale (V7222).[3]

Jawless fish

Jawless fish reported from the Xitun Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Parathelodus P. asiaticus Qilin district, Qujing.[9] Body scales.[9] A thelodont also known from the Xishancun Formation.
P. cornuformis Qilin district, Qujing.[9] Body scales.[9] A thelodont also known from the Xishancun Formation.
P. liaokuoensis Qilin district, Qujing.[9] Body scales.[9] A thelodont also known from the Xishancun Formation.
P. scitulus Qilin district, Qujing.[9] A complete body scale (IVPP V 12156.1).[9] A thelodont also known from the Xishancun Formation.
P. trilobatus Qilin district, Qujing.[9] Body scales.[9] A thelodont also found in the Xishancun Formation.
P. wangi Qilin district, Qujing.[9] Body scales.[9] A thelodont also known from the Xishancun Formation.
P. xitunensis Qilin district, Qujing.[9] A complete body scale (IVPP V 26113.1).[9] A thelodont.
Turinia T. asiatica Qujing.[3] Multiple scales.[3] A thelodont.
File:Turinia pagei.jpg
Xitunaspis X. magnus Qujing.[10] 4 headshields.[10] A galeaspid.

Placoderms

Placoderms reported from the Xitun Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Antiarchi Unnamed antiarch Qujing.[1] MNHN-CHD02 & V10515.[1] Originally referred to ?Xichonelepis.
Asterosteidae Gen. et. sp. indet. Qujing.[11] Part of the head shield.[11] Very similar to Gemuendina.[11]
Chuchinolepis C. gracilis Qujing.[1] Detached plates.[1] A chuchinolepidid also known from the Xishancun Formation.
C. qujingensis Plates.[1] A chuchinolepidid also known from the Xishancun Formation.
C. robusta Qujing.[1] A detached AVL plate (V10512).[1] A chuchinolepidid.
C. sulcata Qujing.[1] Trunkshield, plates & incomplete pectoral fin.[1] A chuchinolepidid.
Gavinaspis G. convergens Qujing.[12] Skull remains.[12] A phyllolepid.
Parayunnanolepis P. xitunensis Almost-complete specimen.[13] A yunnanolepidid.
File:Parayunnanolepis xitunensis.jpg
Phymolepis P. cuifengshanensis Cuifengshan and Liaokuoshan, Qujing.[1][14] Plates.[1][14] A yunnanolepidid also known from the Xishancun Formation.
File:Phymolepis cuifengshanensis.PNG
P. guoruii Qujing.[1] Trunk-shields & plates.[1] A yunnanolepidid.
Szeaspis S. yunnanensis Qujing.[15] Neurocranium & associated skull roof (IVPP V 5810a-b).[15] Preoccupied genus name, renamed Szelepis.
Szelepis S. yunnanensis Qujing.[15] Neurocranium & associated skull roof (IVPP V 5810a-b).[15] An actinolepid originally named Szeaspis.
Yunnanolepis Y. porifera Qujing.[1] A yunnanolepidid also known from the Xishancun Formation.
Y. sp. Qujing.[1] A trunk-shield associated with part of skull roof (V10514).[1] A yunnanolepidid, specimen formerly assigned to Vanchienolepis.
Zhanjilepis Z. aspratilis Qujing.[1] Plates.[1] A yunnanolepidid also known from the Xishancun Formation.
File:Zhanjilepis aspartilis.jpg

Sarcopterygians

Sarcopterygians reported from the Xitun Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Achoania A. jarvikii Qujing.[16] Anterior cranial portion.[16] A basal lobe finned fish.
Diabolepis D. speratus Xichong, Qujing.[17] Multiple specimens.[17][18] A dipteriform originally named Diabolichthys.
Psarolepis P. romeri Xichong, Qujing.[19] 4 anterior cranial portions, a posterior cranial portion, 2 complete lower jaws & an incomplete lower jaw.[19] A basal lobe finned fish.
File:Psarolepis BW.jpg
Styloichthys S. changae Qujing.[20] Multiple specimens.[20] A basal coelacanth.[21]
File:Snout-orbitalregion-stylo2.jpg
Youngolepis Y. praecursor Numerous specimens.[22] A basal lobe finned fish also known from the Bac Bun Formation.
File:Youngolepis praecursor Fig1.jpg

Plants

Plants reported from the Xitun Formation
Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images
Gen. nov. A Huaguo Hill, Shengfeng district of Qujing city.[2] Numerous specimens.[2]
aff. Huia aff. H. sp. Huaguo Hill, Shengfeng district of Qujing city.[2] PKU-XH214.[2] A lycophyte.
Unnamed spike Huaguo Hill, Shengfeng district of Qujing city.[2] A poorly preserved terminal spike (PKU-XH215a, 215b).[2] Probably from a zosterophyll.
Xitunia X. spinitheca Qujing.[23] A zosterophyll.
Zosterophyllum Z. minorstachyum Qujing.[23] A zosterophyll.
File:Zosterophyllum sp. - MUSE cropped.jpg
Z. shengfengense A building site at Huaguo Hill, Shengfeng District, Qujing City.[24] A nearly entire individual plant preserved as a compression (PUH-QXI01-1), and its counterpart (PUH-QXI01-1').[24] A zosterophyll.

See also

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Zhu, Min (1996-01-01). "The phylogeny of the Antiarcha (Placodermi, Pisces), with the description of Early Devonian antiarchs from Qujing, Yunnan, China". Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. 4e Série.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Xue, Jinzhuang (March 2012). "Lochkovian plants from the Xitun Formation of Yunnan, China, and their palaeophytogeographical significance". Geological Magazine. 149 (2): 333–344. Bibcode:2012GeoM..149..333X. doi:10.1017/S001675681100077X. ISSN 0016-7568. S2CID 129280508.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wang, Nianzhong.; Wang, Nianzhong (1984). "Thelodont, acanthodian, and chondrichthyan fossils from the Lower Devonian of southwestern China". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 107: 419–441. ISSN 0370-047X.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Li, Qiang; Cui, Xindong; Andreev, Plamen Stanislavov; Zhao, Wenjin; Wang, Jianhua; Peng, Lijian; Zhu, Min (2021-05-07). "Nostolepis scale remains (stem Chondrichthyes) from the Lower Devonian of Qujing, Yunnan, China". PeerJ. 9 e11093. doi:10.7717/peerj.11093. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 8109008. PMID 34012725.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Zhu, Min. "Meemannia eos, a basal sarcopterygian fish from the Lower Devonian of China – expanded description and significance". Academia.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lu, Jing; Giles, Sam; Friedman, Matt; den Blaauwen, Jan L.; Zhu, Min (2016-06-20). "The Oldest Actinopterygian Highlights the Cryptic Early History of the Hyperdiverse Ray-Finned Fishes". Current Biology. 26 (12): 1602–1608. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.04.045. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 27212403. S2CID 3928790.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ma, Z.; Lamsdell, J. C.; Wang, M.; Chen, J.; Selden, P. A.; He, B. (2024). "Early Devonian stylonurine eurypterids from northern Gondwana: Late Lochkovian to early Pragian records from South China". Gondwana Research. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2024.11.003.
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  10. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hao-Ran, Sun; Gai, Zhikun; Jia-Chen, Cai; Qiang, L I (April 2022). "Xitunaspis, a new eugaleaspid fish (Eugaleaspiformes, Galeaspida) from the Lower Devonian of Qujing, Yunnan". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. doi:10.19615/j.cnki.2096-9899.220412.
  11. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jun-Qing, Wang (1991-04-19). "Discovery of asterosteidae from Lower Devonian in Eastern Yuannan". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 29 (2): 162. ISSN 2096-9899.
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  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Zhu, Min; Yu, Xiaobo; Choo, Brian; Wang, Junqing; Jia, Liantao (2012-06-23). "An antiarch placoderm shows that pelvic girdles arose at the root of jawed vertebrates". Biology Letters. 8 (3): 453–456. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.1033. PMC 3367742. PMID 22219394.
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  17. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Chang, Meemann; Yu, Xiaobo (January 1984). "Structure and phylogenetic significance of Diabolichthys speratus gen. et sp. nov., a new dipnoan-like form from the Lower Devonian of eastern Yunnan, China". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 107 (3): 171–184.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Chang, Meemann (January 1995). "Diabolepis and its bearing on the relationships between porolepiforms and dipnoans". Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Section C. 17 (1): 235–268.
  19. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Yu, Xiaobo (1998). "A New Porolepiform-Like Fish, Psarolepis romeri, gen. et sp. nov. (Sarcopterygii, Osteichthyes) from the Lower Devonian of Yunnan, China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 18 (2): 261–274. Bibcode:1998JVPal..18..261Y. doi:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011055. ISSN 0272-4634. JSTOR 4523897.
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  23. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Xue, Jinzhuang (2009-06-10). "Two Zosterophyll Plants from the Lower Devonian (Lochkovian) Xitun Formation of Northeastern Yunnan, China". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition. 83 (3): 504–512. Bibcode:2009AcGlS..83..504X. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2009.00057.x. S2CID 131021391.
  24. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hao, Shougang; Xue, Jinzhuang; Guo, Dali; Wang, Deming (January 2010). "Earliest rooting system and root: shoot ratio from a new Zosterophyllum plant". New Phytologist. 185 (1): 217–225. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03056.x. ISSN 0028-646X. PMID 19825018. S2CID 5638825.


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