Diphenhydramine

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from ZzzQuil)

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Distinguish". Template:DMCA Template:Cs1 config Template:Short description Page Template:Infobox drug/styles.css has no content.

Page Module:Infobox/styles.css has no content.

Diphenhydramine
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found.
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found.
Clinical data
Pronunciation/ˌdaɪfɛnˈhaɪdrəmiːn/ Audio file "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-diphenhydramine.wav" not found
Trade namesBenadryl, others
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa682539
License dataPage Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
Pregnancy
category		Page Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
  • AU: A
Dependence
liability		Low[1][2]
Routes of
administration		By mouth, intramuscular, intravenous, topical, rectal
Drug classFirst-generation antihistamine, antimuscarinic, hallucinogen (deliriant), sedative
ATC codePage Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
Legal status
Legal statusPage Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability40–60%[5]
Protein binding78-85%[6]
MetabolismLiver (CYP2D6, others)[12][13]
MetabolitesN-Desmethyldiphenhydramine, N,N-Didesmethyldiphenhydramine, others[6]
Onset of action~1 hour[7]
Elimination half-lifeRange: 2.4–13.5 hours[8][9][5][10]
ExcretionUrine: 94%[11]
Feces: 6%[11]
Identifiers
  • 2-(diphenylmethoxy)-N,N-dimethylethanamine
CAS NumberPage Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
PubChem CIDPage Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
PubChem SIDPage Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
IUPHAR/BPSPage Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
DrugBankPage Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
ChemSpiderPage Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
UNIIPage Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
KEGGPage Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
ChEBIPage Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
ChEMBLPage Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
NIAID ChemDBPage Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
PDB ligandPage Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)Page Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC17H21NO
Molar mass255.361 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)Page Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
  • O(CCN(C)C)C(c1ccccc1)c2ccccc2
  • InChI=1S/C17H21NO/c1-18(2)13-14-19-17(15-9-5-3-6-10-15)16-11-7-4-8-12-16/h3-12,17H,13-14H2,1-2H3 checkY
  • Key:ZZVUWRFHKOJYTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
Data page
Template:Infobox drug/data page link
Page Template:Nobold/styles.css has no content. ☒NcheckY (what is this?)Page Template:Nobold/styles.css has no content.  (verify)

Diphenhydramine, sold under the brand name Benadryl among others, is an antihistamine and sedative. Although generally considered sedating, diphenhydramine can cause paradoxical central nervous system stimulation in some individuals, particularly at higher doses. This may manifest as agitation, anxiety, or restlessness rather than sedation.[14][15] It is a first-generation H1-antihistamine (i.e. it blocks histamine) with sedative effects.[16][2] Diphenhydramine is also a potent anticholinergic.[17] It is mainly used to treat allergies, insomnia, and symptoms of the common cold. It is also less commonly used for tremors in parkinsonism, and nausea.[16] It is taken by mouth, injected into a vein, injected into a muscle, or applied to the skin.[16] Maximal effect is typically around two hours after an oral dose, and effects can last for up to seven hours.[16]

Common side effects include sleepiness, poor coordination, and an upset stomach.[16] There is no clear risk of harm when used during pregnancy; however, use during breastfeeding is not recommended.[18]

It was developed by George Rieveschl and put into commercial use in 1946.[19][20] It is available as a generic medication.[16] In 2023, it was the 294th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 700,000 prescriptions.[21][22]

Its sedative and deliriant effects have led to some cases of recreational use.[23][2]

Medical uses

File:DPH Tablets.jpg
Picture of generic Diphenhydramine tablets

Diphenhydramine is a first-generation antihistamine used to treat several conditions including allergic symptoms and itchiness, the common cold, insomnia, motion sickness, and extrapyramidal symptoms.[24][25] Diphenhydramine also has local anesthetic properties, and has been used as such in people allergic to common local anesthetics such as lidocaine.[26]

Allergies

Diphenhydramine is effective in the treatment of allergies.[27] As of 2007, it was the most commonly used antihistamine for acute allergic reactions in the emergency department.[28]

By injection, it is often used in addition to epinephrine for anaphylaxis,[29] although as of 2007 its use for this purpose had not been properly studied.[30] Its use is only recommended once acute symptoms have improved.[27]

File:Benadryl Itch Stopping Gel (4600729217).jpg
A bottle of topical "Itch-Stopping Gel" diphenhydramine

Topical formulations of diphenhydramine are available, including creams, lotions, gels, sprays, and eye drops. These are used to relieve itching and have the advantage of causing fewer systemic effects (such as drowsiness) than oral forms.[31]

Movement disorders

Diphenhydramine is used to treat parkinsonism.[32] It is also used to treat acute dystonia, including torticollis and oculogyric crisis caused by typical antipsychotics.

Sleep

Because of its sedative properties, diphenhydramine is widely used in nonprescription sleep aids for insomnia. The drug is an ingredient in several products sold as sleep aids. Diphenhydramine can cause minor psychological dependence.[33] Diphenhydramine has also been used as an anxiolytic.[34]

Diphenhydramine has been used off-label by parents in an attempt to make their children sleep and to sedate them on long-distance flights.[35] This has been met with criticism, both by doctors and by members of the airline industry, because sedating passengers may put them at risk if they cannot react efficiently to emergencies,[36] and because the drug's side effects, especially the chance of a paradoxical reaction, may make some users hyperactive. Addressing such use, the Seattle Children's Hospital argued, in a 2009 article, "Using a medication for your convenience is never an indication for medication in a child."[37]

The American Academy of Sleep Medicine's 2017 clinical practice guidelines recommended against the use of diphenhydramine in the treatment of insomnia, because of poor effectiveness and low quality of evidence.[38] A major systematic review and network meta-analysis of medications for the treatment of insomnia published in 2022 found little evidence to inform the use of diphenhydramine for insomnia.[39]

Nausea

Diphenhydramine also has antiemetic properties, which make it useful in treating the nausea that occurs in vertigo and motion sickness. However, when taken above the recommended doses, it can cause nausea (especially above 200 mg).[40] Diphenhydramine is the active ingredient in Dramamine, aka Gravol.[41]

Anxiety

File:Diphenhydramine (1).JPG
Diphenhydramine

Diphenhydramine is not typically used to treat anxiety because its long-term use may cause adverse effects, such as memory loss, especially in the elderly.[42] Diphenhydramine is not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating anxiety.[42] On the other hand, hydroxyzine, a first-generation antihistamine that lacks significant anticholinergic effects, may be used to treat anxiety, although benzodiazepines and antidepressants are considered more effective by most clinicians.[43] The mild anxiolytic effects of hydroxyzine are mostly due to its weak but significant activity as an antagonist of the 5-HT2A receptor, a common target of most antidepressant drugs (as well as certain other antihistamines like cyproheptadine and promethazine). Diphenhydramine is not known to bind to the 5-HT2A receptor, though it is a weak antagonist of the related 5-HT2C receptor, which is another target of antidepressant drugs and has a significant role in mood and anxiety.[44][45]

Contraindications

Diphenhydramine is contraindicated in premature infants and neonates, as well as people who are breastfeeding. It is a pregnancy Category B drug. Diphenhydramine has additive effects with alcohol and other depressants. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) prolong and intensify the anticholinergic effect of antihistamines.[46]

Adverse effects

The most prominent side effects are dizziness and sleepiness.[47]

Diphenhydramine is a potent anticholinergic agent and a potential deliriant in higher doses. This activity is responsible for the side effects of dry mouth and throat, increased heart rate, pupil dilation, urinary retention, constipation, and, at high doses, hallucinations or delirium. Other side effects include motor impairment (ataxia), flushed skin, blurred vision at nearpoint owing to lack of accommodation (cycloplegia), abnormal sensitivity to bright light (photophobia), sedation, difficulty concentrating, short-term memory loss, visual disturbances, irregular breathing, dizziness, irritability, itchy skin, confusion, increased body temperature (in general, in the hands or feet), temporary erectile dysfunction, and excitability, and although it can be used to treat nausea, higher doses may cause vomiting.[47] Diphenhydramine in overdose may occasionally result in QT prolongation.[48]

Some individuals experience an allergic reaction to diphenhydramine in the form of hives.[49][50]

Conditions such as restlessness or akathisia can worsen from increased levels of diphenhydramine, especially with recreational dosages.[51] Normal doses of diphenhydramine, like other first-generation antihistamines, can also make symptoms of restless legs syndrome worse.[52] As diphenhydramine is extensively metabolized by the liver, caution should be exercised when giving the drug to individuals with hepatic impairment.

Anticholinergic use later in life is associated with an increased risk for cognitive decline and dementia among older people.[53] Drowsiness, memory loss, confusion, dry mouth or constipation may also occur in elderly people.[42]

Special populations

Diphenhydramine is secreted in breast milk.[54] It is expected that low doses of diphenhydramine taken occasionally will cause no adverse effects in breastfed infants. Large doses and long-term use may affect the baby or reduce breast milk supply, especially when combined with sympathomimetic drugs, such as pseudoephedrine, or before the establishment of lactation. A single bedtime dose after the last feeding of the day may minimize the harmful effects of the medication on the baby and the milk supply. Still, non-sedating antihistamines are preferred.[55]

Paradoxical reactions to diphenhydramine have been documented, particularly in children, and it may cause excitation instead of sedation.[51]

Topical diphenhydramine is sometimes used, especially for people in hospice. This use is without indication, and topical diphenhydramine should not be used as treatment for nausea because research has not shown that this therapy is more effective than others.[56]

Overdose

Diphenhydramine is one of the most commonly misused over-the-counter drugs in the United States.[57] Overdose symptoms may include:[58]

Page Template:Div col/styles.css has no content.

Acute poisoning can be fatal, leading to cardiovascular collapse and death in 2–18 hours, and in general, is treated using a symptomatic and supportive approach.[59] Diagnosis of toxicity is based on history and clinical presentation, and in general, precise plasma levels do not appear to provide useful relevant clinical information.[60] Several levels of evidence strongly indicate diphenhydramine (similar to chlorpheniramine) can block the delayed rectifier potassium channel and, as a consequence, prolong the QT interval, leading to cardiac arrhythmias such as torsades de pointes.[61] No specific antidote for diphenhydramine toxicity is known, but the anticholinergic syndrome has been treated with physostigmine for severe delirium or tachycardia.[60] Benzodiazepines may be administered to decrease the likelihood of psychosis, agitation, and seizures in people who are prone to these symptoms.[62]

Interactions

Alcohol may increase the drowsiness caused by diphenhydramine.[63][64]

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics


Diphenhydramine[65]
Site Ki (nM) Species Ref
SERTTooltip Serotonin transporter 3800+ Human [66][67]
NETTooltip Norepinephrine transporter 960–2400 Human [66][67]
DATTooltip Dopamine transporter 1100–2200 Human [66][67]
5-HT2C 780 Human [67]
α1B 1300 Human [67]
α2A 2900 Human [67]
α2B 1600 Human [67]
α2C 2100 Human [67]
D2 20000 Rat [68]
H1 9.6–16 Human [69][67]
H2 100000+ Canine [70]
H3 10000+ Human [67][71][72]
H4 10000+ Human [72]
M1 80–100 Human [73][67]
M2 120–490 Human [73][67]
M3 84–229 Human [73][67]
M4 53–112 Human [73][67]
M5 30–260 Human [73][67]
VGSCTooltip Voltage-dependent sodium channel 48000–86000 Rat [74]
hERGTooltip Human Ether-à-go-go-Related Gene 27100 (IC50Tooltip Half-maximal inhibitory concentration) Human [75]
Values are Ki (nM), unless otherwise noted. The smaller the value, the more strongly the drug binds to the site.

Diphenhydramine, while traditionally known as an antagonist, acts primarily as an inverse agonist of the histamine H1 receptor.[76] It is a member of the ethanolamine class of antihistaminergic agents.[59] By reversing the effects of histamine on the capillaries, it can reduce the intensity of allergic symptoms. It also crosses the blood–brain barrier and inversely agonizes the H1 receptors centrally.[76] Its effects on central H1 receptors cause drowsiness.

Diphenhydramine is a potent antimuscarinic (a competitive antagonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors) and, as such, at high doses can cause anticholinergic syndrome.[77] The utility of diphenhydramine as an antiparkinson agent is the result of its blocking properties on the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain.

Diphenhydramine also acts as an intracellular sodium channel blocker, which is responsible for its actions as a local anesthetic.[74] Diphenhydramine has also been shown to inhibit the reuptake of serotonin.[78] It has been shown to be a potentiator of analgesia induced by morphine, but not by endogenous opioids, in rats.[79] The drug has also been found to act as an inhibitor of histamine N-methyltransferase (HNMT).[80][81]

Overview of diphenhydramine targets and effects
Biological target Mode of action Effect
H1 receptor Inverse agonist Allergy reduction; Sedation
mACh receptors Antagonist Anticholinergic; Antiparkinson
Sodium channels Blocker Local anesthetic

Pharmacokinetics

Oral bioavailability of diphenhydramine is in the range of 40% to 60%, and peak plasma concentration occurs about 2 to 3 hours after administration.[5] Diphenhydramine, available in various salt forms,[82] such as citrate,[83][84] hydrochloride,[85] and salicylate,[86] exhibits distinct molecular weights and pharmacokinetic properties. Specifically, diphenhydramine hydrochloride and diphenhydramine citrate possess molecular weights of 291.8 g/mol[87] and 447.5 g/mol,[88] respectively. These variations in molecular weight influence the dissolution rates and absorption characteristics of each salt form.[89]

The primary route of metabolism is two successive demethylations of the tertiary amine. The resulting primary amine is further oxidized to the carboxylic acid.[5] Diphenhydramine is metabolized by the cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP2D6, CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19.[12]

The elimination half-life of diphenhydramine has not been fully elucidated, but appears to range between 2.4 and 9.3 hours in healthy adults.[9] A 1985 review of antihistamine pharmacokinetics found that the elimination half-life of diphenhydramine ranged between 3.4 and 9.3 hours across five studies, with a median elimination half-life of 4.3 hours.[5] A subsequent 1990 study found that the elimination half-life of diphenhydramine was 5.4 hours in children, 9.2 hours in young adults, and 13.5 hours in the elderly.[10] A 1998 study found a half-life of 4.1 ± 0.3 hours in young men, 7.4 ± 3.0 hours in elderly men, 4.4 ± 0.3 hours in young women, and 4.9 ± 0.6 hours in elderly women.[90] In a 2018 study in children and adolescents, the half-life of diphenhydramine was 8 to 9 hours.[91] In a 2009 study and review, diphenhydramine had a half-life of 4.3 to 9.3 hours across 7 studies.[8]

Chemistry

Detection in body fluids

Diphenhydramine can be quantified in blood, plasma, or serum.[92] Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) can be used with electron ionization on full scan mode as a screening test. GC-MS or GC-NDP can be used for quantification.[92] Rapid urine drug screens using immunoassays based on the principle of competitive binding may show false-positive methadone results for people having ingested diphenhydramine.[93] Quantification can be used to monitor therapy, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in people who are hospitalized, provide evidence in an impaired driving arrest, or assist in a death investigation.[92]

History

In 1943, diphenhydramine was discovered by chemist George Rieveschl and one of his students, Fred Huber, while they were conducting research into muscle relaxants at the University of Cincinnati.[94] Huber first synthesized diphenhydramine. Rieveschl then worked with Parke-Davis to test the compound, and the company licensed the patent from him.[95] In 1946, it became the first prescription antihistamine in the United States approved by the FDA.[96]

In the 1960s, diphenhydramine was found to weakly inhibit reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin.[78] This discovery led to a search for viable antidepressants with similar structures and fewer side effects, culminating in the invention of fluoxetine (Prozac), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI).[78][97] A similar search had previously led to the synthesis of the first SSRI, zimelidine, from brompheniramine, also an antihistamine.[98]

In 1975, diphenhydramine was still available only by prescription in the US and required medical supervision.[99]

Society and culture

Marketing

Diphenhydramine is sold under the brand name Benadryl by McNeil Consumer Healthcare in the US, UK, Canada, and South Africa.[100] Trade names in other countries include Dimedrol, Daedalon, Nytol, and Vivinox. It is also available as a generic medication.

Procter & Gamble markets an over-the-counter formulation of diphenhydramine as a sleep aid under the brand ZzzQuil.[101]

Prestige Brands markets an over-the-counter formulation of diphenhydramine as a sleep aid in the US under the name Sominex.[102]

Cultural impact

Diphenhydramine is deemed to have limited abuse potential in the United States owing to its potentially serious side-effect profile and limited euphoric effects, and is not a controlled substance. Since 2002, the US FDA has required special labeling warning against the use of multiple products that contain diphenhydramine.[103] In some jurisdictions, diphenhydramine is often present in postmortem specimens collected during investigation of sudden infant deaths; the drug may play a role in these events.[104][105]

Diphenhydramine is among prohibited and controlled substances in the Republic of Zambia,[106] and travelers are advised not to bring the drug into the country. Several Americans have been detained by the Zambian Drug Enforcement Commission for possession of Benadryl and other over-the-counter medications containing diphenhydramine.[107]

Recreational use

Although diphenhydramine is widely used and generally considered to be safe for occasional usage, multiple cases of abuse and addiction have been documented.[23][108] Because the drug is cheap and sold over the counter in most countries, adolescents without access to more sought-after illicit drugs are particularly at risk.[109] People with mental health problems—especially those with schizophrenia—are also prone to abuse the drug, which may be self-administered in large doses to treat extrapyramidal symptoms caused by the use of antipsychotics.[110]

Recreational users report calming effects, mild euphoria, and hallucinations as the desired effects of the drug.[110][111] Research has shown that antimuscarinic agents, including diphenhydramine, "may have antidepressant and mood-elevating properties".[112] A study conducted on adult males with a history of sedative abuse found that subjects who were administered a high dose (400 mg) of diphenhydramine reported a desire to take the drug again, despite also reporting negative effects, such as difficulty concentrating, confusion, tremors, and blurred vision.[113]

In 2020, an Internet challenge emerged on the social media platform TikTok involving deliberately overdosing on diphenhydramine; dubbed the Benadryl challenge, the challenge encourages participants to consume dangerous amounts of Benadryl to film the resultant psychoactive effects and has been implicated in several hospitalisations[114] and at least two deaths.[115][116][117]

A shadow person entity[118] reported to have been seen by people while under the effects of diphenhydramine, known as the "Hat Man", has become an internet meme and an urban legend.[119][120]

References

Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.

  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hubbard JR, Martin PR (2001). Substance Abuse in the Mentally and Physically Disabled. CRC Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-8247-4497-7.
  2. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Saran JS, Barbano RL, Schult R, Wiegand TJ, Selioutski O (October 2017). "Chronic diphenhydramine abuse and withdrawal: A diagnostic challenge". Neurology. Clinical Practice. 7 (5): 439–441. doi:10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000304. PMC 5874453. PMID 29620065.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Benylin Chesty Coughs (Original) - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Diphenhydramine- diphenhydramine hydrochloride injection, solution". DailyMed. 11 November 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2024.
  5. ^ a b c d e Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Paton DM, Webster DR (1985). "Clinical pharmacokinetics of H1-receptor antagonists (the antihistamines)". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 10 (6): 477–97. doi:10.2165/00003088-198510060-00002. PMID 2866055. S2CID 33541001.
  6. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Diphenhydramine". go.drugbank.com.
  7. ^ https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB01075#:~:text=Diphenhydramine%20is%20quickly,after%20administration%206%2C13.
  8. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Madan A, O'Brien Z, Wen J, O'Brien C, Farber RH, Beaton G, et al. (March 2009). "A pharmacokinetic evaluation of five H(1) antagonists after an oral and intravenous microdose to human subjects". Br J Clin Pharmacol. 67 (3): 288–298. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2008.03351.x. PMC 2675039. PMID 19523012.
  9. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.AHFS Drug Information. Published by authority of the Board of Directors of the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists. 1990. ISBN 978-0-930530-96-9. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  10. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Simons KJ, Watson WT, Martin TJ, Chen XY, Simons FE (July 1990). "Diphenhydramine: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in elderly adults, young adults, and children". Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 30 (7): 665–71. doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1990.tb01871.x. PMID 2391399. S2CID 25452263.
  11. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Garnett WR (February 1986). "Diphenhydramine". American Pharmacy. NS26 (2): 35–40. doi:10.1016/s0095-9561(16)38634-0. PMID 3962845.
  12. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Krystal AD (August 2009). "A compendium of placebo-controlled trials of the risks/benefits of pharmacological treatments for insomnia: the empirical basis for U.S. clinical practice". Sleep Med Rev. 13 (4): 265–74. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2008.08.001. PMID 19153052.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Showing Diphenhydramine (DB01075)". DrugBank. Archived from the original on 31 August 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Benadryl Drug Facts Label" (PDF). FDA.gov. Retrieved 8 May 2025.[dead link]
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rickels K (1992). "Diphenhydramine-induced paradoxical excitation". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 12 (3): 222–223. doi:10.1097/00004714-199206000-00013.
  16. ^ a b c d e f Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 6 September 2016. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ayd FJ (2000). Lexicon of Psychiatry, Neurology, and the Neurosciences. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 332. ISBN 978-0-7817-2468-5. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Diphenhydramine Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dörwald FZ (2013). Lead Optimization for Medicinal Chemists: Pharmacokinetic Properties of Functional Groups and Organic Compounds. John Wiley & Sons. p. 225. ISBN 978-3-527-64565-7. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Benadryl". Ohio History Central. Archived from the original on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The Top 300 of 2023". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 17 August 2025. Retrieved 17 August 2025.
  22. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Diphenhydramine Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023". ClinCalc. Retrieved 17 August 2025.
  23. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Thomas A, Nallur DG, Jones N, Deslandes PN (January 2009). "Diphenhydramine abuse and detoxification: a brief review and case report". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 23 (1): 101–5. doi:10.1177/0269881107083809. PMID 18308811. S2CID 45490366.
  24. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride Monograph". Drugs.com. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011.
  25. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Brown HE, Stoklosa J, Freudenreich O (December 2012). "How to stabilize an acutely psychotic patient" (PDF). Current Psychiatary. 11 (12): 10–16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2013.
  26. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Smith DW, Peterson MR, DeBerard SC (August 1999). "Local anesthesia. Topical application, local infiltration, and field block". Postgraduate Medicine. 106 (2): 57–60, 64–6. doi:10.3810/pgm.1999.08.650. PMID 10456039.
  27. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. "Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  28. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Banerji A, Long AA, Camargo CA (2007). "Diphenhydramine versus nonsedating antihistamines for acute allergic reactions: a literature review". Allergy and Asthma Proceedings. 28 (4): 418–26. doi:10.2500/aap.2007.28.3015. PMID 17883909. S2CID 7596980.
  29. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Young WF (2011). "Chapter 11: Shock". In Humphries RL, Stone CK (eds.). CURRENT Diagnosis and Treatment Emergency Medicine. LANGE CURRENT Series (Seventh ed.). McGraw–Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-170107-5.
  30. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sheikh A, ten Broek VM, Brown SG, Simons FE (January 2007). "H1-antihistamines for the treatment of anaphylaxis with and without shock". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2007 (1) CD006160. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006160.pub2. PMC 6517288. PMID 17253584.
  31. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Borke J (2 November 2023). Dugdale DC (ed.). "Diphenhydramine Topical". MedlinePlus. Archived from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
  32. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Aminoff MJ (2012). "Chapter 28. Pharmacologic Management of Parkinsonism & Other Movement Disorders". In Katzung B, Masters S, Trevor A (eds.). Basic & Clinical Pharmacology (12th ed.). The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. pp. 483–500. ISBN 978-0-07-176401-8.
  33. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Monson K, Schoenstadt A (8 September 2013). "Benadryl Addiction". eMedTV. Archived from the original on 4 January 2014.
  34. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dinndorf PA, McCabe MA, Friedrich S (August 1998). "Risk of abuse of diphenhydramine in children and adolescents with chronic illnesses". The Journal of Pediatrics. 133 (2): 293–5. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(98)70240-9. PMID 9709726.
  35. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Crier F (2 August 2017). "Is it wrong to drug your children so they sleep on a flight?". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  36. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Morris R (3 April 2013). "Should parents drug babies on long flights?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  37. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Swanson WS (25 November 2009). "If It Were My Child: No Benadryl for the Plane". Seattle Children's. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
  38. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sateia MJ, Buysse DJ, Krystal AD, Neubauer DN, Heald JL (February 2017). "Clinical Practice Guideline for the Pharmacologic Treatment of Chronic Insomnia in Adults: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline". J Clin Sleep Med. 13 (2): 307–349. doi:10.5664/jcsm.6470. PMC 5263087. PMID 27998379.
  39. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.De Crescenzo F, D'Alò GL, Ostinelli EG, Ciabattini M, Di Franco V, Watanabe N, et al. (July 2022). "Comparative effects of pharmacological interventions for the acute and long-term management of insomnia disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis". Lancet. 400 (10347): 170–184. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00878-9. hdl:11380/1288245. PMID 35843245. S2CID 250536370.
  40. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Flake ZA, Scalley RD, Bailey AG (March 2004). "Practical selection of antiemetics". American Family Physician. 69 (5): 1169–74. PMID 15023018. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  41. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Dimenhydrinate". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 28 May 2004. Retrieved 9 January 2026.
  42. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Does Benadryl help with or cause anxiety?". Drugs.com. 27 July 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
  43. ^ "Hydroxyzine Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
  44. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Heisler LK, Zhou L, Bajwa P, Hsu J, Tecott LH (July 2007). "Serotonin 5-HT(2C) receptors regulate anxiety-like behavior". Genes, Brain and Behavior. 6 (5): 491–496. doi:10.1111/j.1601-183X.2007.00316.x. PMID 17451451.
  45. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Guaiana G, Gupta S, Chiodo D, Davies SJ, Haederle K, Koesters M (December 2013). "Agomelatine versus other antidepressive agents for major depression". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (12) CD008851. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008851.pub2. PMC 11289707. PMID 24343836.
  46. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sicari V, Zabbo CP (2021). "Diphenhydramine". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 30252266. Archived from the original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
  47. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Diphenhydramine Side Effects". Drugs.com. 3 October 2024. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
  48. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Aronson JK (2009). Meyler's Side Effects of Cardiovascular Drugs. Elsevier. p. 623. ISBN 978-0-08-093289-7. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  49. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Heine A (November 1996). "Diphenhydramine: a forgotten allergen?". Contact Dermatitis. 35 (5): 311–312. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1996.tb02402.x. PMID 9007386. S2CID 32839996.
  50. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Coskey RJ (February 1983). "Contact dermatitis caused by diphenhydramine hydrochloride". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 8 (2): 204–206. doi:10.1016/S0190-9622(83)70024-1. PMID 6219138.
  51. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.de Leon J, Nikoloff DM (February 2008). "Paradoxical excitation on diphenhydramine may be associated with being a CYP2D6 ultrarapid metabolizer: three case reports". CNS Spectrums. 13 (2): 133–5. doi:10.1017/s109285290001628x. PMID 18227744. S2CID 10856872.
  52. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Restless Legs Syndrome Fact Sheet". National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Archived from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  53. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Salahudeen MS, Duffull SB, Nishtala PS (March 2015). "Anticholinergic burden quantified by anticholinergic risk scales and adverse outcomes in older people: a systematic review". BMC Geriatrics. 15 (31) 31. doi:10.1186/s12877-015-0029-9. PMC 4377853. PMID 25879993.
  54. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Spencer JP, Gonzalez LS, Barnhart DJ (July 2001). "Medications in the breast-feeding mother". American Family Physician. 64 (1): 119–26. PMID 11456429.
  55. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Diphenhydramine". Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed) Internet. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). October 2020. PMID 30000938.
  56. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine (2013), "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question" (PDF), Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation, vol. 45, no. 3, American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, pp. 595–605, doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2012.12.002, PMID 23434175, archived from the original on 1 September 2013, retrieved 17 May 2024, which cites
  57. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Huynh DA, Abbas M, Dabaja A (2021). Diphenhydramine Toxicity. PMID 32491510.
  58. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Diphenhydramine overdose". MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on 30 May 2013.
  59. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Brunton L, Chabner B, Knollmann B (2011). "Chapter 32. Histamine, Bradykinin, and Their Antagonists". In Brunton L (ed.). Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (12e ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 242–245. ISBN 978-0-07-162442-8.
  60. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Manning B (2012). "Chapter 18. Antihistamines". In Olson K (ed.). Poisoning & Drug Overdose (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-166833-0. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
  61. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Khalifa M, Drolet B, Daleau P, Lefez C, Gilbert M, Plante S, et al. (February 1999). "Block of potassium currents in guinea pig ventricular myocytes and lengthening of cardiac repolarization in man by the histamine H1 receptor antagonist diphenhydramine". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 288 (2): 858–65. doi:10.1016/S0022-3565(24)38031-0. PMID 9918600.
  62. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cole JB, Stellpflug SJ, Gross EA, Smith SW (December 2011). "Wide complex tachycardia in a pediatric diphenhydramine overdose treated with sodium bicarbonate". Pediatric Emergency Care. 27 (12): 1175–7. doi:10.1097/PEC.0b013e31823b0e47. PMID 22158278. S2CID 5602304.
  63. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Diphenhydramine and Alcohol / Food Interactions". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013.
  64. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Zimatkin SM, Anichtchik OV (1999). "Alcohol-histamine interactions". Alcohol and Alcoholism. 34 (2): 141–7. doi:10.1093/alcalc/34.2.141. PMID 10344773.
  65. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Roth BL, Driscol J. "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
  66. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Tatsumi M, Groshan K, Blakely RD, Richelson E (December 1997). "Pharmacological profile of antidepressants and related compounds at human monoamine transporters". European Journal of Pharmacology. 340 (2–3): 249–58. doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(97)01393-9. PMID 9537821.
  67. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Krystal AD, Richelson E, Roth T (August 2013). "Review of the histamine system and the clinical effects of H1 antagonists: basis for a new model for understanding the effects of insomnia medications". Sleep Medicine Reviews. 17 (4): 263–72. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2012.08.001. PMID 23357028.
  68. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Tsuchihashi H, Sasaki T, Kojima S, Nagatomo T (1992). "Binding of [3H]haloperidol to dopamine D2 receptors in the rat striatum". J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 44 (11): 911–4. doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1992.tb03235.x. PMID 1361536. S2CID 19420332.
  69. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ghoneim OM, Legere JA, Golbraikh A, Tropsha A, Booth RG (October 2006). "Novel ligands for the human histamine H1 receptor: synthesis, pharmacology, and comparative molecular field analysis studies of 2-dimethylamino-5-(6)-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalenes". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. 14 (19): 6640–58. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2006.05.077. PMID 16782354.
  70. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gantz I, Schäffer M, DelValle J, Logsdon C, Campbell V, Uhler M, et al. (1991). "Molecular cloning of a gene encoding the histamine H2 receptor". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 88 (2): 429–33. Bibcode:1991PNAS...88..429G. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.2.429. PMC 50824. PMID 1703298.
  71. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lovenberg TW, Roland BL, Wilson SJ, Jiang X, Pyati J, Huvar A, et al. (June 1999). "Cloning and functional expression of the human histamine H3 receptor". Molecular Pharmacology. 55 (6): 1101–7. doi:10.1124/mol.55.6.1101. PMID 10347254. S2CID 25542667.
  72. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Liu C, Ma X, Jiang X, Wilson SJ, Hofstra CL, Blevitt J, et al. (March 2001). "Cloning and pharmacological characterization of a fourth histamine receptor (H(4)) expressed in bone marrow". Molecular Pharmacology. 59 (3): 420–6. doi:10.1124/mol.59.3.420. PMID 11179434. S2CID 123619.
  73. ^ a b c d e Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bolden C, Cusack B, Richelson E (February 1992). "Antagonism by antimuscarinic and neuroleptic compounds at the five cloned human muscarinic cholinergic receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 260 (2): 576–80. doi:10.1016/S0022-3565(25)11335-9. PMID 1346637.
  74. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kim YS, Shin YK, Lee C, Song J (October 2000). "Block of sodium currents in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons by diphenhydramine". Brain Research. 881 (2): 190–8. doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02860-2. PMID 11036158. S2CID 18560451.
  75. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Suessbrich H, Waldegger S, Lang F, Busch AE (April 1996). "Blockade of HERG channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes by the histamine receptor antagonists terfenadine and astemizole". FEBS Letters. 385 (1–2): 77–80. Bibcode:1996FEBSL.385...77S. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(96)00355-9. PMID 8641472. S2CID 40355762.
  76. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Khilnani G, Khilnani AK (September 2011). "Inverse agonism and its therapeutic significance". Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 43 (5): 492–501. doi:10.4103/0253-7613.84947. PMC 3195115. PMID 22021988.
  77. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lopez AM (10 May 2010). "Antihistamine Toxicity". Medscape Reference. WebMD LLC. Archived from the original on 13 October 2010.
  78. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Domino EF (1999). "History of modern psychopharmacology: a personal view with an emphasis on antidepressants". Psychosomatic Medicine. 61 (5): 591–8. doi:10.1097/00006842-199909000-00002. PMID 10511010.
  79. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Carr KD, Hiller JM, Simon EJ (February 1985). "Diphenhydramine potentiates narcotic but not endogenous opioid analgesia". Neuropeptides. 5 (4–6): 411–4. doi:10.1016/0143-4179(85)90041-1. PMID 2860599. S2CID 45054719.
  80. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Horton JR, Sawada K, Nishibori M, Cheng X (October 2005). "Structural basis for inhibition of histamine N-methyltransferase by diverse drugs". Journal of Molecular Biology. 353 (2): 334–344. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2005.08.040. PMC 4021489. PMID 16168438.
  81. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Taylor KM, Snyder SH (May 1972). "Histamine methyltransferase: inhibition and potentiation by antihistamines". Molecular Pharmacology. 8 (3): 300–10. doi:10.1016/S0026-895X(25)12747-8. PMID 4402747.
  82. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Wang C, Paul S, Wang K, Hu S, Sun CC (2017). "Relationships among Crystal Structures, Mechanical Properties, and Tableting Performance Probed Using Four Salts of Diphenhydramine". Crystal Growth & Design. 17 (11): 6030–6040. Bibcode:2017CrGrD..17.6030W. doi:10.1021/acs.cgd.7b01153.
  83. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rao DD, Venkat Rao P, Sait SS, Mukkanti K, Chakole D (2009). "Simultaneous Determination of Ibuprofen and Diphenhydramine Citrate in Tablets by Validated LC". Chromatographia. 69 (9–10): 1133–1136. doi:10.1365/s10337-009-0977-3. S2CID 97766056.
  84. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rao DD, Sait SS, Mukkanti K (April 2011). "Development and validation of an UPLC method for rapid determination of ibuprofen and diphenhydramine citrate in the presence of impurities in combined dosage form". Journal of Chromatographic Science. 49 (4): 281–286. doi:10.1093/chrsci/49.4.281. PMID 21439118.
  85. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Chan CY, Wallander KA (February 1991). "Diphenhydramine toxicity in three children with varicella-zoster infection". DICP. 25 (2): 130–132. doi:10.1177/106002809102500204. PMID 2058184. S2CID 45456788.
  86. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kamijo Y, Soma K, Sato C, Kurihara K (November 2008). "Fatal diphenhydramine poisoning with increased vascular permeability including late pulmonary congestion refractory to percutaneous cardiovascular support". Clinical Toxicology. 46 (9): 864–868. doi:10.1080/15563650802116151. PMID 18608279. S2CID 43642257.
  87. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride". PubChem. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  88. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Diphenhydramine citrate". PubChem. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  89. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pope C (28 August 2023). "Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride vs Citrate: What's the difference?". drugs.com.
  90. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Scavone JM, Greenblatt DJ, Harmatz JS, Engelhardt N, Shader RI (July 1998). "Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of diphenhydramine 25 mg in young and elderly volunteers". J Clin Pharmacol. 38 (7): 603–9. doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1998.tb04466.x. PMID 9702844. S2CID 24989721.
  91. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gelotte CK, Zimmerman BA, Thompson GA (May 2018). "Single-Dose Pharmacokinetic Study of Diphenhydramine HCl in Children and Adolescents". Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 7 (4): 400–407. doi:10.1002/cpdd.391. PMC 5947143. PMID 28967696.
  92. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pragst F (2007). "Chapter 13: High performance liquid chromatography in forensic toxicological analysis". In Smith RK, Bogusz MJ (eds.). Forensic Science (Handbook of Analytical Separations). Vol. 6 (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. p. 471. ISBN 978-0-444-52214-6.
  93. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rogers SC, Pruitt CW, Crouch DJ, Caravati EM (September 2010). "Rapid urine drug screens: diphenhydramine and methadone cross-reactivity". Pediatric Emergency Care. 26 (9): 665–6. doi:10.1097/PEC.0b013e3181f05443. PMID 20838187. S2CID 31581678.
  94. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hevesi D (29 September 2007). "George Rieveschl, 91, Allergy Reliever, Dies". The New York Times.
  95. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sneader W (23 June 2005). Drug Discovery: A History. John Wiley & Sons. p. 405. ISBN 978-0-471-89979-2.
  96. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ritchie J (24 September 2007). "UC prof, Benadryl inventor dies". Business Courier of Cincinnati. Archived from the original on 24 December 2008. Retrieved 14 October 2008.
  97. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Awdishn RA, Whitmill M, Coba V, Killu K (October 2008). "Serotonin reuptake inhibition by diphenhydramine and concomitant linezolid use can result in serotonin syndrome". Chest. 134 (4 Meeting abstracts): 4C. doi:10.1378/chest.134.4_MeetingAbstracts.c4002. Archived from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
  98. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Barondes SH (2003). Better Than Prozac. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 39–40. ISBN 978-0-19-515130-5.
  99. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."FDA Orders Sominex 2 Withdrawn From Market". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Vol. 125, no. 336. 2 December 1975. p. 2. Retrieved 16 April 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  100. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Childrens Benadryl Allergy (solution) Johnson & Johnson Consumer Inc., McNeil Consumer Healthcare Division". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  101. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Is P&G Preparing to Expand ZzzQuil?". Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
  102. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Diphenhydramine". Mother To Baby | Fact Sheets [Internet]. National Library of Medicine. January 2023. PMID 35951938. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  103. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Food and Drug Administration, HHS (December 2002). "Labeling of diphenhydramine-containing drug products for over-the-counter human use. Final rule". Federal Register. 67 (235): 72555–9. PMID 12474879. Archived from the original on 5 November 2008.
  104. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Marinetti L, Lehman L, Casto B, Harshbarger K, Kubiczek P, Davis J (October 2005). "Over-the-counter cold medications-postmortem findings in infants and the relationship to cause of death". Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 29 (7): 738–43. doi:10.1093/jat/29.7.738. PMID 16419411.
  105. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Baselt RC (2008). Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man. Biomedical Publications. pp. 489–492. ISBN 978-0-9626523-7-0.
  106. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."List of prohibited and controlled drugs according to chapter 96 of the laws of Zambia". The Drug Enforcement Commission ZAMBIA. Archived from the original (DOC) on 16 November 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
  107. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Zambia". Country Information > Zambia. Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  108. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Lena Dunham on going to rehab: 'It was like the first day of college, except many of the people had a problem with heroin'". 11 April 2026 – via The Guardian.
  109. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Forest E (27 July 2008). "Atypical Drugs of Abuse". Articles & Interviews. Student Doctor Network. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013.
  110. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Halpert AG, Olmstead MC, Beninger RJ (January 2002). "Mechanisms and abuse liability of the anti-histamine dimenhydrinate" (PDF). Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 26 (1): 61–7. doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(01)00038-0. PMID 11835984. S2CID 46619422. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
  111. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gracious B, Abe N, Sundberg J (December 2010). "The importance of taking a history of over-the-counter medication use: a brief review and case illustration of "PRN" antihistamine dependence in a hospitalized adolescent". Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 20 (6): 521–4. doi:10.1089/cap.2010.0031. PMC 3025184. PMID 21186972.
  112. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dilsaver SC (February 1988). "Antimuscarinic agents as substances of abuse: a review". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 8 (1): 14–22. doi:10.1097/00004714-198802000-00003. PMID 3280616. S2CID 31355546.
  113. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mumford GK, Silverman K, Griffiths RR (1996). "Reinforcing, subjective, and performance effects of lorazepam and diphenhydramine in humans". Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 4 (4): 421–430. doi:10.1037/1064-1297.4.4.421.
  114. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."TikTok Videos Encourage Viewers to Overdose on Benadryl". TikTok Videos Encourage Viewers to Overdose on Benadryl. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
  115. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Dangerous 'Benadryl Challenge' on Tik Tok may be to blame for the death of Oklahoma teen". KFOR.com Oklahoma City. 28 August 2020. Archived from the original on 2 August 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
  116. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hlavinka E (25 September 2020). "Teen's Death Prompts Warning on 'Benadryl Challenge'". medpagetoday.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
  117. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.McHardy M (23 April 2023). "What is the Benadryl challenge? New TikTok challenge that's left 13-year-old dead". The Independent. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
  118. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Klee M (2 November 2022). "How the 'Hat Man' Went From Benadryl Joke to TikTok Horror Villain". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 16 January 2026.
  119. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pope C, ed. (10 April 2025). "What is the Benadryl hat man?". Drugs.com.
  120. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Klee M (2 November 2022). "How the 'Hat Man' Went From Benadryl Joke to TikTok Horror Villain". Rolling Stone.

Further reading

Page Template:Refbegin/styles.css has no content.

Page Template:Sister-inline/styles.css has no content.Script error: No such module "Sister project logo". Media related to Script error: No such module "Commons link". at Wikimedia Commons

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found.

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found. Template:Monoamine metabolism modulators Template:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors Template:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found. Lua error in mw.title.lua at line 404: bad argument #2 to 'title.new' (unrecognized namespace name 'Portal'). Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Authority control/config' not found.

Retrieved from "https://cosmopedia.co/index.php?title=Diphenhydramine&oldid=257428"