Fox language
Template:Short description Script error: No such module "For". Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Script error: No such module "Unsubst". Script error: No such module "Infobox".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".Page Template:Infobox/styles-images.css has no content.Script error: No such module "Check for conflicting parameters".
Fox (known by a variety of different names, including Mesquakie (Meskwaki), Mesquakie-Sauk, Mesquakie-Sauk-Kickapoo, Sauk-Fox, and Sac and Fox) is an Algonquian language, spoken by a thousand Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo in various locations in the Midwestern United States and in northern Mexico.
Dialects
The three distinct dialects are:
- Fox or Script error: No such module "Lang". (Meskwaki language)[1]Script error: No such module "Unsubst". (also called Mesquakie, Meskwaki)
- Sauk or Script error: No such module "Lang". (Thâkîwaki language) (also rendered Sac), and
- Kickapoo or Kiikaapoa (also rendered Script error: No such module "Lang".; considered by some to be a closely related but distinct language).[2]
If Kickapoo is counted as a separate language rather than a dialect of Fox, then only between 200 and 300 speakers of Fox remain. Extinct Mascouten was most likely another dialect, though it is scarcely attested.Script error: No such module "Unsubst".
Revitalization
Most speakers are elderly or middle-aged, making it highly endangered. The tribal school at the Meskwaki Settlement in Iowa incorporates bilingual education for children.[1][3] In 2011, the Meskwaki Sewing Project was created, to bring mothers and girls together "with elder women in the Meskwaki Senior Center sewing traditional clothing and learning the Meskwaki language."[4]
Prominent scholars doing research on the language include Ives Goddard,[5] Lucy Thomason of the Smithsonian Institution, and Amy Dahlstrom of the University of Chicago.
Phonology
Until the early 1900s, Fox was a phonologically very conservative language and preserved many features of Proto-Algonquian; records from the decades immediately following 1900 are particularly useful to Algonquianists for this reason. By the 1960s, however, an extensive progression of phonological changes had taken place, resulting in the loss of intervocalic semivowels and certainScript error: No such module "Unsubst". other features.[6]
Consonants
The consonant phonemes of Fox are given in the table below.
| Labial | Alveolar | Postalveolar or palatal |
Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | Script error: No such module "IPA symbol". | Script error: No such module "IPA symbol". | ||||
| Plosive | plain | Script error: No such module "IPA symbol". | Script error: No such module "IPA symbol". | Script error: No such module "IPA symbol". | Script error: No such module "IPA symbol". | |
| preaspirated | Script error: No such module "IPA symbol". | Script error: No such module "IPA symbol". | Script error: No such module "IPA symbol". | Script error: No such module "IPA symbol". | ||
| Fricative | Script error: No such module "IPA symbol". | Script error: No such module "IPA symbol". | Script error: No such module "IPA symbol". | |||
| Approximant | Script error: No such module "IPA symbol". | Script error: No such module "IPA symbol". | ||||
- Other than those involving a consonant plus Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA"., the only possible consonant cluster is Script error: No such module "IPA"..
Vowels
The Fox language has eight vowel phonemes:
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | Script error: No such module "IPA symbol". Script error: No such module "IPA symbol". | Script error: No such module "IPA symbol". Script error: No such module "IPA symbol". |
| Low | Script error: No such module "IPA symbol". Script error: No such module "IPA symbol". | Script error: No such module "IPA symbol". Script error: No such module "IPA symbol". |
Grammar
According to A Concise Dictionary of the Sauk Language by Gordon Whittaker,Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters". the language's nouns can be divided into animate and inanimate groups. Animate nouns end in -a (ex: tîtîwa /ˈti:.ti:.wa/, "blue jay (bird)"). To pluralise most animate nouns, the ending is transformed from -a to -aki (ex: tîtîwa -> tîtîwaki). The few exceptions that exist have specific forms, according to the Dictionary.
Inanimate nouns typically end in -i (ex: mâtethi /ˈma:.tet.hi/, "knife"). To pluralise most inanimate nouns, the ending is transformed from -i to -ani (ex: mâtethi -> mâtethani). Like the animate nouns, the few exceptions that exist also have specific forms, according to the Dictionary.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Verbs can be divided into transitive and intransitive; transitive involves two parties (i.e "I give it to you!" / "Kemînêwene!"), while intransitive is one party (i.e "You're alive." / "Kepemâtethi.")
| Subject | Verb (Sauk) | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| ne(t)- (I/me) | nepemâtethi | I am alive |
| ke(t)- (you) | kepemâtethi | you are alive |
| -wa (s/he) | pemâtethiwa | s/he is alive |
| ne(t)- ... -pena (we [exclusive]) | nepemâtethipena | we (exclusive; think "We, but not YOU.") are alive |
| ke(t)- ... -pena (we [inclusive]) | kepemâtethipena | we (inclusive; think "We and you.") are alive |
| ke(t)- ... -pwa (you [plural]) | kepemâtethipwa | you (plural) are alive; you all are alive |
| -waki (they) | pemâtethiwaki | they are alive |
| Subject | Verb (Sauk) | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| -wi (it) | kehkyêwi | it is old |
| -wani (they [inanimate]) | kehkyâhiwani | they (inanim.) are old |
| Subject | Verb (Sauk) | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| ke(t)- ... -ene (I -> you) | netahkawâpatene | I take care of you (ahkawâpatamwa can also mean to watch out [for] / look out [for]) |
| ke(t)- ... -enepwa (I -> you [plural]) | netahkawâpatenepwa | I take care of you (plural); I take care of you all |
| ne(t)- ... -âwa (I -> him/her) | netahkawâpatâwa | I take care of him/her |
| ne(t)- ... -âwaki (I -> them) | netahkawâpatâwaki | I take care of them |
| ke(t)- ... -i (you -> me) | ketahkawâpati | you take care of me |
| ke(t)- ... -âwa (you -> him/her) | ketahkawâpatâwa | you take care of him/her |
| ke(t)- ... -ipena (you -> us) | ketahkawâpatipena | you take care of us |
| ke(t)- ... -enepena (we -> you) | ketahkawâpatenepena | we take care of you |
| ne(t)- ... -ekwa (s/he -> me) | netahkawâpatekwa | s/he takes care of me |
| ke(t)- ... -ekwa (s/he -> you) | ketahkawâpatekwa | s/he takes care of you |
| -êwa (s/he -> him/her/them) | ahkawâpatêwa | s/he takes care of him/her/them |
| ne(t)- ... -ekonâna (s/he -> us [exc.]) | netahkawâpatekonâna | s/he takes care of us (exc.) |
| ke(t)- ... -ekonâna (s/he -> us [inc.]) | ketahkawâpatekonâna | s/he takes care of us (inc.) |
| ke(t)- ... -ekowâwa (s/he -> you [plural]) | ketahkawâpatekowâwa | s/he takes care of you (plural); s/he takes care of you all |
| ne(t)- ... -âpena (we [exc.] -> him/her/them) | netahkawâpatâpena | we (exc.) take care of him/her/them |
| ke(t)- ... -âpena (we [inc.] -> him/her/them) | ketahkawâpatâpena | we (inc.) take care of him/her/them |
| ke(t)- ... -ipwa (you [plural] -> me) | ketahkawâpatipwa | you (plural) take care of me; you all take care of me |
| ke(t)- ... -âpwa (you [plural] -> him/her/them) | ketahkawâpatâpwa | you (plural) take care of him/her/them; you all take care of him/her/them |
| ne(t)- ... -ekôki (they -> me) | netahkawâpatekôki | they take care of me |
| ke(t)- ... -ekôki (they -> you) | ketahkawâpatekôki | they take care of you |
| -êwaki (they -> him/her/them) | ahkawâpatêwaki | they take care of him/her/them |
| ne(t)- ... -ekonânaki (they -> us [exc.]) | netahkawâpatekonânaki | they take care of us (exc.) |
| ke(t)- ... -ekonânaki (they -> us [inc.]) | ketahkawâpatekonânaki | they take care of us (inc.) |
| ke(t)- ... -ekowâwaki (they -> you [plural]) | ketahkawâpatekowâwaki | they take care of you (plural); they take care of you all |
| Subject | Verb (Sauk) | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| ne(t)- ... -a (I -> it/them) | netahkawâpata | I take care of it/them (ahkawâpatamwa can also mean to watch out [for] / look out [for]) |
| ke(t)- ... -a (You -> it/them) | ketahkawâpata | You take care of it/them |
| -amwa (S/He -> it/them) | ahkawâpatamwa | S/He takes care of it/them |
| ne(t)- ... -âpena (We [exc.] -> it/them) | netahkawâpatâpena | We (exc.) take care of it/them |
| ke(t)- ... -âpena (We [inc.] -> it/them) | ketahkawâpatâpena | We (inc.) take care of it/them |
| ke(t)- ... -âpwa (You [plural] -> it/them) | ketahkawâpatâpwa | You [plural] take care of it/them |
| -âmoki (They -> it/them) | ahkawâpatamwâmoki | They take care of it/them |
This conjugation is only for verbs that end in -amwa; all other animate transitive verbs take the same conjugation as the animate intransitive verbs.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Vocabulary
Sauk numerals are as follows:[7]
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | one |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | two |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | three |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | four |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | five |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | six |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | seven |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | eight |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | nine |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | ten |
Writing systemsScript error: No such module "anchor".
Besides the Latin script, Fox has been written in two indigenous scripts.Script error: No such module "Footnotes".Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
Fox I
"Fox I" is an abugida based on the cursive French alphabet (see Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics). Consonants written by themselves are understood to be syllables containing the vowel Script error: No such module "IPA".. They are:
| 𝓁Template:Efn | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| 𝓉 | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| 𝓈 | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| 𝒸𝓁 | Script error: No such module "IPA".Template:Efn |
| 𝓉𝓉 | Script error: No such module "IPA".Template:Efn |
| ℐTemplate:Efn | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| 𝓌 | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| 𝓂 | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| 𝓃 | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| 𝒦 | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| 𝛿Template:Efn | Script error: No such module "IPA".Template:Efn |
Vowels are written by adding dots to the consonant:
| 𝓁 | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| 𝓁. | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| 𝓁· | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| 𝓁.. | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
Fox II
"Fox II" is a consonant–vowel alphabet. According to Coulmas, Script error: No such module "IPA". is not written (as Script error: No such module "IPA". is not written in Fox I). Vowels (or Script error: No such module "IPA". plus a vowel) are written as cross-hatched tally marks.
| + | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| 𝒞 | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| ⵕ | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| 𝒾 | Script error: No such module "IPA".Template:Efn |
| ñ | Script error: No such module "IPA".Template:Efn |
| ═ | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| ƧƧ | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| 𐌎 | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| ⵌ | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| 𝒞ʼ | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Ƨ𝒞 | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| x | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| ʜ | Script error: No such module "IPA".Template:Efn |
| ⱶʜ | Script error: No such module "IPA".Template:Efn |
| ʜʜ | Script error: No such module "IPA".Template:Efn |
See also
Script error: No such module "Portal".
Notes
Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.
- ↑ a b Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- ↑ Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Script error: No such module "Check for unknown parameters".
References
- Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "Citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
Further reading
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
- Script error: No such module "citation/CS1".
External links
- Native Languages of the Americas: Mesquakie-Sauk
- Meskwaki Language - Alphabet
- OLAC resources in and about the Meskwaki language
- OLAC resources in and about the Kickapoo language
Script error: No such module "navbox with collapsible groups". Script error: No such module "Navbox". Template:Algonquian languages Script error: No such module "Authority control".
