Kickapoo language

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Kickapoo
Metotheeneniaatoweeheni[1]
Native toUnited States, Mexico
EthnicityKickapoo people
Native speakers
1,043 Kickapoo in the US (2017–2021)[2]
60 Kickapoo in Mexico (2020 census)[3]
Dialects
  • monolingual dialect (Peekaatowaakani)[1]
  • Oklahoma dialect
  • Mexican/Texan dialect
Latin script
Language codes
ISO 639-3kic
Glottologkick1244
ELPTemplate:Endangered Languages Project
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Kickapoo people building a winter house in the town of Nacimiento Coahuila, Mexico, 2008

Kickapoo (endonym: Script error: No such module "Lang".)[1] is either a dialect of the Fox language or a closely related language, closely related to, and mutually intelligible with, the dialects spoken by the Sauk people and Meskwaki people. Their language is included in the Central Algonquian languages subgroup of the Algonquian languages family, itself a member of the Algic language family.

History

In 1985, the Kickapoo Nation's School in Horton, Kansas, began a language-immersion program for elementary school grades to revive teaching and use of the Kickapoo language in kindergarten through grade 6.[4] Efforts in language education continue at most Kickapoo sites.

In 2010, the Head Start Program at the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas reservation, which teaches the Kickapoo language, became "the first Native American school to earn Texas School Ready! (TSR) Project certification."[5] Despite these efforts, there are no children who are first-language users of Kickapoo, as they choose to speak English instead.[1]

Also in 2010, Mexico's Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia participated in the elaboration of a Kickapoo alphabet.[6] The Kickapoo in Mexico are known for their whistled speech.

Texts,[7] recordings,[8] and a vocabulary[9] of the language are available.

The Kickapoo language and members of the Kickapoo tribe were featured in the movie The Only Good Indian (2009), directed by Greg Wilmott and starring Wes Studi. This was a fictionalized account of Native American children forced to attend an Indian boarding school, where they were forced to speak English and give up their cultural practices.[10]

Phonology

Consonants

Eleven consonant phonemes are used in Kickapoo:

Labial Dental Alveolar Postalveolar/
Palatal 		Velar Glottal
Stop p t tʃ k
Fricative θ s h
Nasal m n
Approximant j w
  • The voiceless sounds can sometimes be voiced as [b, d, dʒ, ɡ, ð, z].
  • /p/ in word-initial position can also be aspirated as [pʰ].
  • /tʃ/ can also be pronounced as [ts].[11]
  • Glides /w, j/ may also be heard as non-syllabic vowels [Script error: No such module "IPA".].[12]
  • /w/ can be pronounced as [ʔ] in fast speech.[1]

Vowels

There are eight vowel phonemes in Kickapoo:[12]

Front Back
High i iː o oː
Low ɛ ɛː a aː
  • Script error: No such module "IPA"., can also be phonetically heard as allophones Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". can be heard as Script error: No such module "IPA"..[1]

Orthography

A Kickapoo alphabet was developed by Paul Voorhis in 1974 and was revised in 1981.[13] A new orthography is used by the Kickapoo Language Development Program in Oklahoma.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

Kickapoo alphabet (Kickapoo Language Development Program)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
Letter a aa ch e ee h i ii k m n o oo p s t th w y
Pronunciation ə ɑ tʃ e æ h ɪ i k m n o ɔ p s t θ w j

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bluecloud, Mosiah Salazar (2020). A Sketch Grammar of the Kickapoo Language (PDF). The University of Arizona.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over: 2017-2021". Census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 6 June 2025.
  3. ^ Lenguas indígenas y hablantes de 3 años y más, 2020 Script error: No such module "webarchive". INEGI. Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Reaves, Michell Reaves (2001-08-11). "Canku Ota - Aug. 11, 2001 - Indians Value Their Language". Canku Ota (Many Paths), an Online Newsletter Celebrating Native America, Medill News Service (42). Archived from the original on October 29, 2018. Retrieved 2012-07-19.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas First Native American Tribe to Achieve Texas School Ready! Certification". Newswise, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. 2010-01-26. Retrieved 2012-07-19.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Kickapoo Language Prepared to be Written". Art Daily. 2010-04-12. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-19.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."OLAC resources in and about the Kickapoo language". Retrieved 2012-07-19.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Recordings for study of the Shawnee, Kickapoo, Ojibwa, and Sauk-and-Fox :: American Philosophical Society". Retrieved 2012-07-19.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."OLAC Record: Kickapoo vocabulary". 1988. Retrieved 2012-07-19.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Kickapoo Language, Culture to be Featured in Film". Hiawatha World Online. 2007-09-12. Archived from the original on 2012-08-10. Retrieved 2012-07-19.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Voorhis, Paul H. (1974). Introduction to the Kickapoo Language. Indiana University Publications.
  12. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Voorhis, Paul H. (1967). Kickapoo Grammar. Ann Arbor.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Cowan, William (1981). Papers of the Thirteenth Algonquian Conference. Ottawa, Canada: Carleton University. pp. 81–89. ISBN 9780770901233.

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