Arin language

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Arin
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Native toRussia
RegionYenisei River
EthnicityArin people
Extinctlate 1730s, with the death of Arzamas Loskutov[1]
Yeniseian
  • Arinic
    • Arin
Early form
Language codes
ISO 639-3xrn
xrn
Glottologarin1243
ELPTemplate:Endangered Languages Project
LinguasphereTemplate:Infobox language/lingualist
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Map of pre-contact Yeniseian languages. Arin is in Page Template:Legend/styles.css has no content.  blue.

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Arin is an extinct Yeniseian language formerly spoken in Russia by the Arin people along the Yenisei River, predominantly on its left shore, between Yeniseysk and Krasnoyarsk,[3] north of the Minusinsk region. However, it has been suggested that the Arin people had historically occupied a larger geographical range. It became extinct in the 18th century,[3][4] with the death of Arzamas Loskutov,[1] who was an informant for Gerhard Friedrich Müller in 1731,[5] and for a Cossack adventurer named Ivan Kovrigin in 1735.[6][1]

It is believed that the term Ar or Ara was used by speakers of Arin to refer to themselves.[3]

Classification

It is classified as belonging to the Arinic branch, being its only attested language.[7] The closest known relative of Arin, Pumpokol, has been suggested to be similar to the language of the ruling elite of the Xiongnu,[8][2] as well as that of the Jie ruling class of the Later Zhao dynasty.[9]

Geographical distribution

Hydronyms associated with Arin have the suffixes Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". and Script error: No such module "Lang". (meaning "river") and Script error: No such module "Lang"./Script error: No such module "Lang". (meaning "water").[10] These hydronyms, along with Khanty folklore telling of an eastern people known as the Script error: No such module "Lang". "Ar people", indicate that Arin may have once been spread out as far west as the Ob.[3][7]

Phonology

One notable aspect of the Arin phonology is the correspondence of words starting with the word-initial Script error: No such module "Lang". and words in other Yeniseian languages that start with a bare vowel. For example, the Arin word Script error: No such module "Lang". (meaning 'water') corresponds to the Ket word Script error: No such module "Lang". and the Kott word Script error: No such module "Lang"..[11] This feature of Arin allows for far more accurate reconstructing of the Proto-Yeniseian language by historical linguistics, for instance, the Proto-Yeniseian term for "water" is reconstructed as *xuɬ, where the initial *x- could not be inferred if not for Arin attestation.

Vowels

The vowel system in Arin is as follows:[10]

Front Central Back
Close i ɨ u
Close-mid e o
Open-mid ɛ (ʌ)1 ɔ
Open æ a
  1. The sound [ʌ], transcribed as Script error: No such module "Lang"., is only attested in the words Script error: No such module "Lang". 'six', Script error: No such module "Lang". 'sixteen', Script error: No such module "Lang". 'sixty', and Script error: No such module "Lang". 'ear', and potentially also in Script error: No such module "Lang". (also recorded as Script error: No such module "Lang".) 'duck'.

Consonants

Labial Dental Palatal Velar Uvular Laryngeal/
Pharyngeal
plain pal. plain pal. plain pal.
Plosive voiceless p [p] pʼh [pʲ] t [t] tʼ [tʲ] k [k] kʼ [kʲ] q [q] qʼ [qʲ] (ʔ [ʔ])1
voiced b [b] d [d] dʼ [dʲ] g [g]
Fricative voiceless (f [f]) s [s] š [ʃ] sʼ [sʲ] x [χ] (h [h])
voiced (v [v]) z [z] ž [ʒ]
Affricate c [t͡s] č [t͡ʃ] (dž [d͡ʒ])
Nasal m [m] mʼ [mʲ] n [n] nʼ [nʲ] ŋ [ŋ]
Lateral l [l] lʼ [lʲ]
Approximant j [j]
Trill r [r] (rʼ [rʲ])

Consonants in parentheses are sparsely attested or unattested.

  1. [ʔ] is only assumed from other Yeniseian languages and is only a prosodic device of tone.

There are 11 palatal-nonpalatal consonant oppositions.[10]

Lexicon

Etymological analysis suggests that speakers of the Arin language, as with other members of the Yeniseian people, were bilingual in Siberian Turkic languages; for example, the Arin word Script error: No such module "Lang". (meaning "ore") has been suggested to stem from the Old Turkic compound word Script error: No such module "Lang". (meaning "iron blood").[12] There are over 400 lexica for the Arin language, recorded in the 18th century.[5]

General

Arin words in Pallas 1789[13]
Russian gloss бог небо вечер лес глина поле снег ветер вино
English translation God sky, heaven evening forest clay field snow spirit wine
Arin translation еc эc пись още тьюбурунг кья́ба тье паи арага́

Body parts

Arin body parts in Pallas 1789[13]
Russian gloss волос голова ухо глаз нос рот язык щёки борода плечо рука пальцы нога живот спина плоть сердце
English translation hair head ear eye nose mouth tongue cheek beard shoulder hand fingers leg stomach back flesh heart
Arin translation кья́ганг колкья уткьэно́нг тенг аркӷуй бюкьо́н алъяп быкӷолю́нг королеп хинанг пъӷяга кӷо́лпас пил пъӷорга кӷоп ис шеноугбу

Family members

Arin family member words in Pallas 1789[13]
Russian gloss отец мать сын дочь брат сестра муж жена девочка мальчик дитя человек
English translation father mother son daughter brother sister husband wife girl boy child human, person
Arin translation ипя, бъяп бя́мя бикял бик-ялья бамага́л бамагалья бикъярьят бикӷама́л бикъялья бикъял алполат кьит

Numerals

Numerals in Arin[10][14]
No. Numerals (Werner 2005) Numerals (Pallas 1789)
1 Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "Lang".
2 Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "Lang".
3 Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "Lang".
4 Script error: No such module "IPA". ~ Script error: No such module "IPA". ~ Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "Lang".
5 Script error: No such module "IPA". ~ Script error: No such module "IPA". ~ Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "Lang".
6 Script error: No such module "IPA". ~ Script error: No such module "IPA". ~ Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "Lang".
7 Script error: No such module "IPA". ~ Script error: No such module "IPA". ~ Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "Lang".
8 Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "Lang".
9 Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "Lang".
10 Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "Lang".
11 Script error: No such module "IPA".
12 Script error: No such module "IPA".
13 Script error: No such module "IPA".
14 Script error: No such module "IPA".
15 Script error: No such module "IPA".
16 Script error: No such module "IPA".
17 Script error: No such module "IPA".
18 Script error: No such module "IPA".
19 Script error: No such module "IPA".
20 Script error: No such module "IPA".
30 Script error: No such module "IPA".
40 Script error: No such module "IPA".
50 Script error: No such module "IPA".
60 Script error: No such module "IPA". ~ Script error: No such module "IPA".
70 Script error: No such module "IPA".
80 Script error: No such module "IPA".
90 Script error: No such module "IPA".
100 Script error: No such module "IPA". Script error: No such module "Lang".
200 Script error: No such module "IPA".
300 Script error: No such module "IPA".
1000 Script error: No such module "IPA".

References

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  1. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Исчезающие народы/языки: Аринцы, Аринский (Arin) | СМДО КубГУ". moodle.kubsu.ru. Retrieved 1 January 2025.
  2. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bonmann, Svenja; Fries, Simon (16 June 2025). "Linguistic Evidence Suggests that Xiōng-nú and Huns Spoke the Same Paleo-Siberian Language". Transactions of the Philological Society 1467-968X.12321. doi:10.1111/1467-968X.12321. ISSN 0079-1636.
  3. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Georg, Stefan (2007). A Descriptive Grammar of Ket (Yenisei-Ostyak). Folkestone, Kent: Global Oriental. ISBN 978-1-901903-58-4.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The ASJP Database - Wordlist Arin". asjp.clld.org. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
  5. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Аринский язык // «Историческая энциклопедия Сибири» (2009)". ИРКИПЕДИЯ - портал Иркутской области: знания и новости (in русский). Retrieved 1 January 2025.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."A 10,000-year-old word puzzle". The Globe and Mail. 14 April 2008. Retrieved 16 March 2025.
  7. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Vajda, Edward (19 February 2024), Vajda, Edward (ed.), "8 The Yeniseian language family", The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia, De Gruyter, pp. 365–480, doi:10.1515/9783110556216-008, ISBN 978-3-11-055621-6, retrieved 26 June 2024{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Vovin, Alexander (2000). "Did the Xiong-nu Speak a Yeniseian Language?". Central Asiatic Journal. 44 (1): 87–104. ISSN 0008-9192. JSTOR 41928223.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.VOVIN, Alexander; VAJDA, Edward; DE LA VAISSIÈRE, Étienne (2016). "Who were the *Kjet and What Language did they Speak?". Journal Asiatique. 304 (1): 125–144. doi:10.2143/JA.304.1.3146838. ISSN 1783-1504.
  10. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Werner, Heinrich (2005). Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts. Veröffentlichungen der Societas Uralo-Altaica. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3-447-05239-9.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Fries, Simon; Bonmann, Svenja (22 December 2023). "The Development of Arin kul 'water' ~ Kott ûl, Ket ¹u·l', Yugh ¹ur and Its Typological Background". International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics. 5 (2): 183–198. doi:10.1163/25898833-20230044. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Khabtagaeva, Bayarma (2015). "On the Yeniseian Arin word teminkur 'ore'". Words and Dictionaries: A Festschrift for Professor Stanisław Stachowski on the Occasion of His 85th Birthday: 149–154. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
  13. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pallas, Peter Simon (1786). Linguarum totius orbis vocabularia comparativa (in русский). Schnoor.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pallas, Peter Simon (1789). Linguarum Totius Orbis Vocabularia Comparativa, Pars 2.

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