Pumpokol language
Page Module:Infobox/styles.css has no content.
| Pumpokol | |
|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "Lang".[1] | |
| Native to | Russia |
| Region | Yenisei |
| Ethnicity | Pumpokols |
| Extinct | 1740[2] |
Yeniseian
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | xpm |
xpm | |
| Glottolog | pump1237 |
| ELP | Template:Endangered Languages Project |
| Linguasphere | Template:Infobox language/lingualist |
| Template:Infobox language/lingualist | |
| Template:Infobox language/lingualist | |
| Template:Infobox language/lingualist | |
| Template:Infobox language/lingualist | |
| Template:Infobox language/lingualist | |
| Template:Infobox language/lingualist | |
| Template:Infobox language/lingualist | |
| Template:Infobox language/lingualist | |
| Template:Infobox language/lingualist | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found. The historical, pre-contact range of Pumpokol.[3] | |
Page Template:Infobox/styles-images.css has no content.Script error: No such module "Check for conflicting parameters".
Pumpokol (Pumpokol: Script error: No such module "Lang".[1]) is one of the Yeniseian languages, formerly spoken by the Pumpokol people (Script error: No such module "Lang".). It has been extinct since the 18th century. It shares many features with the ancient Xiongnu[5] and Jie languages,[6] and according to Alexander Vovin, Edward Vajda, and Étienne de la Vaissière, is closely related to them. It is poorly attested, and some of the vocabulary has been identified as being Yugh, not Pumpokol.[7]
Classification
It has traditionally been viewed as being grouped with Arin in an Arin-Pumpokol subfamily of Southern Yeniseian, but Vajda (2024) challenges this, stating that "Arin, Pumpokol and Kott-Assan display no shared innovations to support them as an opposite "'Southern Yeniseian' branch" of Yeniseian, reflecting only their geographical position rather than a genealogical grouping.[3] According to O. Tailleur, it should be considered a dialect of the Ket language, as most materials labeled 'Pumpokol' are in reality of Ketic affiliation, not Pumpokol. Furthermore, the term 'Pumpokol' was originally geographic, referring to the name of a town and a former district (volost),[8] originating from Template:Langx "grassy village".[7][3] Pumpokols and Yughs frequently mixed with each other in the Pumpokol volost. This may be the reason for the mislabeling of these words.
Phonology
Pumpokol is notable among the Yeniseian languages in that the phoneme /s/ is often replaced by /t/. This idiosyncrasy of Pumpokol seems to be shared with the language of the Jie, suggesting that Jie is more closely related to Pumpokol than other Yeniseian languages. For example the Jie word Script error: No such module "Lang". 'catch' seems to be a cognate with the Ket word Script error: No such module "Lang"., having the same sound change.[6]
Moreover, this aforementioned characteristic of Pumpokol has been used by Vajda to demonstrate that Yeniseian-derived hydronyms in northern Mongolia (the southernmost known extent of Yeniseian influence), Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". are exclusively Pumpokolic.[6][1] Since the Jie, as a tribe of the Xiongnu, are likely to have come from the same area, rather than further north, this finding lends credence to the possibility that Jie is a Pumpokolic language.
Vowels
The reconstructed vowels of Pumpokol are as follows, based on G. F. Müller's materials:[1]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i [i] | ɨ [ɨ] | u [u] |
| Close-mid | e [e] | o [o] | |
| Open-mid | ɛ [ɛ] | ɔ [ɔ] | |
| Open | a [a] |
Consonants
According to G. F. Müller's notes, the consonants of Pumpokol are as follows:[1]
| Labial | Dental | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Laryngeal/ Pharyngeal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p [p] | t [t] | (tʼ [tʲ]) | k [k] | q [q] | (ʔ [ʔ])1 |
| voiced | b [b] | d [d] | (dʼ [dʲ]) | g [g] (gʼ [gʲ]) | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | f [f] | s [s] | x [χ], xʼ [χʲ] | -h- [h]?2 | ||
| voiced | (v [v]) | (z [z]) | (ž [ʒ]) | ||||
| Affricate | (pf [pf] pʰ [pʰ]) | c [t͡s] | č [t͡ʃ] (dž [d͡ʒ]) | ||||
| Nasal | m [m] | n [n] | (nʼ [nʲ]) | ŋ [ŋ] | |||
| Lateral | l [l] | (lʼ [lʲ]) | |||||
| Approximant | j [j] | ||||||
| Trill | r [r] | ||||||
- [ʔ] only occurs as a prosodic device of tone, as in other Yeniseian languages.[1]
- Pumpokol word-initial [h] only sometimes corresponds to Arin [k], and is not present in other Yeniseian languages.
The phonemes ⟨č⟩, ⟨dʼ⟩, and ⟨dž⟩ are allophones of ⟨č⟩, ⟨k⟩ and ⟨g⟩ are allophones of ⟨k⟩, and ⟨x⟩, ⟨q⟩ and ⟨xʼ⟩ are allophones of ⟨χ⟩.[1] Thus, the phonemes in brackets are not really phonologically relevant.
Sibilant phonemes are absent in words of native Yeniseian origin.[9]
Vocabulary
Selected Pumpokol words are presented here, sourced from Werner 2005.[1]
| Word | Meaning | Comment |
|---|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | father | |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | mother | |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | to lie down | |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | forest, tree | |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | egg | cf. Ket Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | son | |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | boy, son | |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | Sun | |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | mountain | |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | horse | |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | measure | Russian loan |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | daughter, girl | |
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | house, village | Literally "together-tent" |
| Pumpokol words in Pallas 1789[10] | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russian gloss | бог | небо | вечер | лес | дерево | земля | поле | снег | вода | дух | вино | свинья | труд | здоров | они |
| English translation | God | sky, heaven | evening | forest | tree | earth | field | snow | water | spirit | wine | pig | work | healthy | they |
| Pumpokol translation | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
Numerals
| No. | Numerals (Werner 2005) | Numerals (Pallas 1789) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| 2 | Script error: No such module "IPA". ~ Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| 3 | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| 4 | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| 5 | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| 6 | Script error: No such module "IPA". ~ Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| 7 | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| 8 | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| 9 | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| 10 | Script error: No such module "IPA". (Script error: No such module "IPA".) | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| 11 | Script error: No such module "IPA".-iga-Script error: No such module "IPA". | |
| 12 | Script error: No such module "IPA".-Script error: No such module "IPA". | |
| 20 | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |
| 30 | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |
| 40 | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |
| 50 | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |
| 60 | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |
| 70 | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |
| 80 | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |
| 90 | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |
| 100 | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
| 200 | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |
| 300 | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |
| 400 | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |
| 500 | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |
| 600 | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |
| 700 | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |
| 800 | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |
| 900 | Script error: No such module "IPA". | |
| 1000 | Script error: No such module "IPA". | Script error: No such module "Lang". |
References
Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Werner, Heinrich (2005). Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts. Veröffentlichungen der Societas Uralo-Altaica. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3-447-05239-9.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The ASJP Database - Wordlist Pumpokol". asjp.clld.org. Retrieved 2024-08-04.
- ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Vajda, Edward (2024-02-19), Vajda, Edward (ed.), "8 The Yeniseian language family", The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia, De Gruyter, pp. 365–480, doi:10.1515/9783110556216-008, ISBN 978-3-11-055621-6, retrieved 2024-06-26
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link) - ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Fortescue, Michael D.; Vajda, Edward J. (2022). Mid-holocene language connections between Asia and North America. Brill's studies in the indigenous languages of the Americas. Leiden; Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-43681-7.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Vovin, Alexander (2000). "Did the Xiong-nu speak a Yeniseian language?". Central Asiatic Journal. 44 (1): 87–104. JSTOR 41928223.
- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Vovin, Alexander; Vajda, Edward; de la Vaissière, Etienne (2016). "Who Were the *Kjet (羯) and What Language Did They Speak?". Journal Asiatique. 304 (1): 125–144. doi:10.2143/JA.304.1.3146838.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Georg, Stefan; Georg, Stefan (2007). Introduction, phonology, morphology. A descriptive grammar of Ket (Yenisei-Ostyak) / Stefan Georg. Folkestone: Global Oriental. ISBN 978-1-901903-58-4.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Batashev, Mikhail S. (June 2013). "Ethnic History of Indigenous Peoples of the Yeniseysky Uyezd in the 17 Century and Their Fortunes". Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Пумпокольский язык | Библиотека сибирского краеведения". bsk.nios.ru. Retrieved 2024-10-27.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pallas, Peter Simon (1786). Linguarum totius orbis vocabularia comparativa (in русский). Schnoor.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pallas, Peter Simon (1789). Linguarum Totius Orbis Vocabularia Comparativa, Pars 2. pp. 484–485.
External links
Template:Yeniseian languages Template:Paleosiberian languages
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Authority control/config' not found.
