List of ancient tribes in Illyria

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Arthitae)

Template:Short description Template:DMCA

File:Illyrians in the 7th-4th centuries BC.png
Illyrian tribes in the 7th–4th centuries BCE

This is a list of ancient tribes in the ancient territory of Illyria (Template:Langx; Template:Langx). The name Illyrians seems to be the name of a single Illyrian tribe that was the first to come into contact with the ancient Greeks, causing the name Illyrians to be applied to all people of similar language and customs.[1] The locations of Illyrian tribes/peoples prior to the Roman conquest are approximate, as sometimes many wholly different locations are given by ancient writers and modern authors (as in the case of the Enchelei).

After the Great Illyrian Revolt, the Romans deported,[2] split,[3] and resettled Illyrian tribes within Illyria itself and to Dacia, sometimes causing whole tribes to vanish and new ones to be formed from their remains, such as the Deraemestae and the Docleatae, some of them mixed with Celtic tribes (see Celticization). Many tribal names are known from Roman Script error: No such module "Lang". and the number of their Script error: No such module "Lang".,[4] formed of the dispersed tribes in Illyria.

Page Template:TOC limit/styles.css has no content.

Illyrian

File:Illyrians in the 1st-2nd centuries CE.png
Illyrian tribes in the 1st–2nd centuries CE

Albani

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Albani (Latinized form of Template:Langx, Albanoi) were an Illyrian tribe whose first historical account appears in a work of Ptolemy.[5] They were the citizens of Albanopolis (Script error: No such module "Lang".), located in the center of modern Albania, in the Zgërdhesh hill fort, near the city of Krujë. The national ethnonym of the Albanians is derived from this tribe.[6][7][8]

Amantes

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Amantes lived in present-day south-western Albania.[9] The site of Amantia has been identified with the location of their territory.[10] The toponym has a connection with the modern Albanian term amë/ãmë ("river-bed, fountain, spring")[11]

Ardiaei

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Ardiaei or Ouardaioi (Template:Langx; Template:Langx)[12] were an Illyrian people, originally residing inland,[13] and eventually settling on the Adriatic coast. Strabo describes them as one of the three strongest Illyrian peoples, the other two being the Autariatae and Dardani. The political entity of the Ardiaei, which expanded in the south-eastern Adriatic, came to be identified with the Illyrian kingdom in the 3rd century BCE. Under the Ardiaean king Agron and his wife Teuta, the Illyrian kingdom reached its apex. It became a formidable power both on land and sea by assembling a great army and fleet, and directly ruling over a large area made up of different Illyrian tribes and cities that stretched from the Neretva River in the north to the borders of Epirus in the south, while its influence extended throughout Epirus and down into Acarnania. The Ardiaean realm became one of Rome's major enemies, and its primary threat in the Adriatic Sea. The dominant power of the Illyrian kingdom in the region ceased after its defeat in the Illyro-Roman Wars (229–168 BCE). In Roman times the Ardiaei had 20 Script error: No such module "Lang".

Autariatae

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Autariatae or Autariates (Template:Langx) were an Illyrian tribe that became prominent between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE. Strabo describes them as one of the three strongest Illyrian peoples, the other two being the Ardiaei and Dardani. After their defeat during the Celtic invasions of the Balkans in the 4th century, a part of the Autariatae who remained in Bosnia gradually adopted Celtic culture, while another part moved southwards and after an agreement with the Kingdom of Macedonia, 20,000 settled in the Parorbelian mountain range, in an area between modern south-eastern North Macedonia, northern Greece and south-western Bulgaria.

Balaites

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Balaites were an Illyrian tribe known from epigraphical findings only who were organizing themselves in a koinon, and it is likely that they lived in the vicinity of Apollonia.[14][15]

Bathiatae

The Bathiatae[16] were an Illyrian tribe.

Bylliones

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Bylliones (Script error: No such module "Lang".) were an Illyrian tribe.[17][18] They were affected by a partial cultural Hellenisation.[19] They constituted one of the most notable Illyrian koina of the Hellenistic period, with their territory featuring a network of several settlements. Byllis and Nikaia were their chief centres.

Cavii

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Cavii were an Illyrian tribe.[20] They lived close to Lake Shkodër. Their main settlement was Epicaria.[21] They are mentioned rarely by ancient writers.[22]

Daorsi

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Daorsi or Duersi or Daorsii or Daorsei (Template:Langx) were an Illyrian tribe.[23] Another name of the tribe was Daversi.[24] The Daorsi had suffered attacks[25] from the Delmatae that made them along with Issa[26] seek the aid of the Roman state. The Daorsi fought on the Roman side, providing them with their strong navy abandoning Caravantius. After the Illyrian Wars, the Daorsi were given immunity. Their most important city was Daorson. They had 17 Script error: No such module "Lang"..

Dardani

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Dardani or Dardanians were a central Balkan people, among the oldest in the region. They were the most stable and conservative ethnic element among the peoples of the central Balkans, retaining an enduring presence in the region for several centuries. Ancient tradition considered the Dardani as an Illyrian people, and Strabo, in particular describes them as one of the three strongest Illyrian peoples, the other two being the Ardiaei and Autariatae. Their name is traditionally connected to the same root as Script error: No such module "Lang"., the Albanian word for 'pear', as well as Alb. Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "Lang"., 'farmer'. The ethnonym Pirustae, which is attested since Roman times for a tribe close to the Dardani or living in Dardania, is considered to be the Latin translation of Dardani (cf. Latin Script error: No such module "Lang". "pear"). Subgroups of the Dardani included the Galabri and the Thunatae, whose tribal names have been, respectively, connected to the Messapic Kalabroi/Calabri and Daunioi/Daunii in Apulia (south-eastern Italy), of Palaeo-Balkan provenance. In pre-Roman times the Dardani constituted their own Kingdom, often in conflict with their south-eastern neighbor—Macedon.

Dassaretii

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Dassaretii (Template:Langx) were an Illyrian people who lived in the inlands of southern Illyria, between present-day south-eastern Albania and south-western North Macedonia. They were directly in contact with the regions of Orestis and Lynkestis of Upper Macedonia. The Dassaretii were one of the most prominent peoples of southern Illyria, forming an ethnic state. They made up the ancient Illyrian kingdom that was established in this region. Most scholars hold that the early 4th century BC Illyrian realm of Bardylis—the first attested Illyrian king—was centered along Lake Ohrid and east to the Prespa Lakes in Dassaretan territory, located on the border between Macedon and Epirus.

Deretini

The Deretini or Derriopes (Template:Langx) were an Illyrian tribe[27] in Narona conventus with 14 Script error: No such module "Lang"..

Deuri

The Deuri or Derbanoi (Template:Langx)[28] were an Illyrian tribe.[29] Other possible names are Derrioi.[30] In a conventus held in Salona after the Roman conquest the Deuri had 25 Script error: No such module "Lang"..[31]

Dyestes

The Dyestes or Dyestae (Template:Langx)[32] were an Illyrian tribe[33] located around the silver mines of Damastion. Only Strabo passingly mentions this tribe.

Enchelei

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Enchelei or Sesarethii[34] (Template:Langx, accusative of Script error: No such module "Lang".)[35] were an Illyrian tribe.[36] Their name, given by the Greeks, meant "eel-men". In Greek mythology. According to E. Hamp, a connection with Albanian ngjalë makes it possible that the name Enchele was derived from the Illyrian term for eels[37] Cadmus and Harmonia ruled over them. Several locations are hypothesized for the Encheleans: around Lake Ohrid;[38] above Lake Ohrid, or in the region of Lynkestis south of the Taulantii.[39]

Kinambroi

The Kinambroi (Template:Langx) were an Illyrian tribe. They surrendered to Octavian in 33 BCE.[30]

Labeatae

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Labeatae or Labeates (Template:Langx) were an Illyrian people that lived on the Adriatic coast of southern Illyria, around Lake Scodra (the ancient Lacus Labeatis). The dynasty of the last Illyrian kings (Scerdilaidas, Pleuratus, Gentius) was Labeatan. It is possible that the decline of the Ardiaean dynasty after Queen Teuta's defeat in the First Illyrian War against Rome caused the emergence of the Labeatan dynasty on the political scene. The last known Illyrian king, Gentius, was defeated in the Third Illyro-Roman war in 168. In Roman times the Labeatae minted coins bearing the inscription of their ethnicon.

Mazaei

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Mazaei or Maezaei (Template:Langx) were a tribal group, including 269 Script error: No such module "Lang"..[40][41]

Melcumani

The Melcumani or Merromenoi or Melkomenioi (Template:Langx) were an Illyrian tribe.[42] The Melcumani had 24 Script error: No such module "Lang"..

Narensi

Narensi or Narensii or Narensioi (Template:Langx)[43] or Naresioi or Naresii (Template:Langx) was the name of a newly formed[44] Illyrian tribe[45] from various peoples living around the River Naron or Neretva, mostly in its lower course. The Narensi had 102 Script error: No such module "Lang"..

Parthini

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Parthini lived in southern Illyria.

Penestae

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Penestae (Template:Langx) was the name of an Illyrian tribe.[46] Their chief town was Uscana.

Selepitani

The Selepitani (Latin: Selepitani) were an Illyrian tribe located below the Lake Scutari.

Siculotae

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Siculotae or Sikoulotai were an Illyrian tribe.[47] The Siculotae were part of the Pirustae.[44] The Siculotae had 24 Script error: No such module "Lang"..

Dalmatae

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Dalmatae were an ancient Illyrian tribe. It is considered to be connected to the Albanian dele and its variants which include the Gheg form delmë, meaning "sheep", and to the Albanian term delmer, "shepherd". They were later Celticized.[48][49] The Delmatae had 342 Script error: No such module "Lang"..

Iapydes

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Iapydes or Japodes (Template:Langx) were an ancient people who dwelt north of and inland from the Liburnians, off the Adriatic coast and eastwards of the Istrian peninsula. The first written mention of an Illyrian tribe known as "Iapydes" is by Hecataeus of Miletus.

Baridustae

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Baridustae were an Illyrian tribe that was later settled in Dacia[50] along with Pirustae and Sardeates. The Baridustae were a Dalmatian tribe.[51]

Tariotes

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Tariotes were a subtribe of the Dalmatae that lived on the eastern Adriatic coast.[52]

Sardiatae

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Sardiatae or Sardiotai were an Illyrian tribe close to Jajce.[29] Sardeates were later settled in Dacia.[50] The Sardeates had 52 Script error: No such module "Lang"..

Docleatae

The Docleatae (Template:Langx) were an Illyrian tribe that lived in what is now Montenegro. Their capital was Doclea[53] (or Dioclea), and they are called after the town. They had settled west of the Morača river, up to Montenegro's present-day borders with Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Docleatae were prominent for their cheese, which was exported to various Roman provinces within the Roman Empire.[54] They were composed of parts of the Taulantii, the Pleraei or Pyraei, Endirudini, Sasaei, Grabaei, Labeatae[30] that came together after the Great Illyrian revolt. The Docleatae had 33 Script error: No such module "Lang"..

Pleraei

Pleraei, Plarioi, Pyraei, Pleraioi, Plaraioi or Palarioi (Template:Langx) was the name of an Illyrian tribe.[55]

Endirudini

Endirudini or Interphrourinoi (Template:Langx)[56] was the name of an Illyrian tribe that became part of the Docleatae.[30]

Sasaei

Sasaei was the name of an Illyrian tribe that became part of the Docleatae.[30]

Grabaei

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Grabaei or Kambaioi (Template:Langx)[56] were a minor Illyrian group that lived around Lake Scutari.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

Deraemestae

Deraemestae or Deraemistae was the name of an Illyrian tribe.[57] The Deraemestae were composed of parts[58] of several other tribes such as the Ozuaei, Taulantii, Partheni, Hemasini, Arthitae and Armistae. The Deramestae had 30 Script error: No such module "Lang"..

Ozuaei

Ozuaei or Ozuaioi or Oxuaioi (Template:Langx)[56] was the name of one of the tribes comprising the Deramestae.[58]

Hemasini

Hemasini or Hippasinoi (Template:Langx)[59] was the name of one of the tribes comprising the Deramestae.[58]

Arthitae

Arthitae was the name of one of the tribes comprising the Deramestae.[58]

Armistae

Armistae was the name of one of the tribes comprising the Deramestae.[58]

Taulantii

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Taulantii (Template:Langx) was the name of a cluster[60] of Illyrian tribes. The term taulantii is connected with the Albanian word dallëndyshe, or tallandushe, meaning 'swallow'. The ethnonym Chelidonioi also reported by Hecateus as the name of a tribe neighboring the Taulantii is the translation of the name Taulantii as khelīdṓn (χελιδών) means "swallow" in Ancient Greek. According to Greek mythology Taulas (Tαύλας), one of the six sons of Illyrius, was the eponymous ancestor of the Taulantii.[61] The Taulantii dominated at various times much of the plain between the rivers Drin (Drilon) and Vjosa (Aoös). Their central area was the hinterland of Epidamnos-Dyrrhachion, corresponding to present-day Tirana and the region between the valleys of Mat and Shkumbin (Genusus). This tribe played an important role in the Illyrian history of the 4th–3rd centuries BCE, when King Glaukias (ruled 335 – c. 302 BCE) ruled over them. Glaukias offered asylum to the infant Pyrrhus of Epirus and maintained ties with him after he became king of Epirus. The Abroi, a northern subgroup of the Taulantii, were known to the ancient Greek writers for their technique of preparing mead from honey.[62]

Chelidonioi

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Chelidonioi lived in southern Illyria.

Abroi

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Abroi lived in southern Illyria.

Pannonian tribes

File:Roman period tribes in Illyria and Lower Pannonia.png
Dalmatians, Liburni, Venetic groups, Pannonian groups and Celts in Pannonia

The name Pannonians (Template:Langx) refers to Illyrian tribes, who originally inhabited the southern part of what was later known as Roman province of Pannonia, south of the river Drava (Script error: No such module "Lang".), and the northern part of the future Roman province of Dalmatia. In the Roman era, Pannonians settled in Dacia, the northern Pannonian plain and the eastern Alps.[63] Some Pannonian tribes appear to have been Celticized.[64][65]

Julius Pokorny believed the name Pannonia is derived from Illyrian, from the Proto-Indo-European root *pen-, "swamp, water, wet" (cf. English fen, "marsh"; Hindi pani, "water").[66]

The Pannonian tribes inhabited the area between the river Drava and the Dalmatian coast. Early archaeology and onomastics show that they were culturally different from southern Illyrians, Iapodes, and the La Tène peoples commonly known as the Celts, though they were later Celticized. However, there are some cultural similarities between the Pannonians and Dalmatians. Many of the Pannonians lived in areas with rich iron ore deposits, so iron mining and production was an important part of their economy before and after the Roman conquest. Apart from Segestica, the Pannonians did not have settlements of importance in pre-Roman times[67] that were actually Celtic. Ancient sources (Strabo, Pliny the Elder, Appian of Alexandria) mention a few of the Pannonian[68] tribes by name, and historians and archaeologists have located some of them.

The Pannonians were not definitely subdued within the province of Illyricum until the Great Illyrian Revolt, which started in 6 AD when the Pannonians, together with the Dalmatians and other Illyrian tribes, revolted, and engaged the Roman Empire in a hard-fought campaign that lasted for three years, when they were finally overcome by the future emperor Tiberius and Germanicus in 9 AD. At that point, the province of Illyricum was dissolved, and its lands were divided between the new provinces of Pannonia in the north and Dalmatia in the south.

Amantini

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Amantini (Template:Langx) was the name of a Pannonian[69] Illyrian tribe.[70] They greatly resisted the Romans but were sold as slaves after their defeat.[71] The Amantini were close to Sirmium.[72]

Breuci

The Breuci (Template:Langx) were a Pannonian Illyrian tribe.[68] They greatly resisted the Romans and some were sold as slaves after their defeat.[71] They received Roman citizenship during Trajan's rule. It is likely that the name of the northern Bosnian city Brčko is derived from the name of this tribe.[73] A number of Breuci settled in Dacia.[74]

Bato the Breucian of the Breuci tribe and Pinnes from Pannonia were among the leaders of the Great Illyrian Revolt, together with Bato the Daesitiate of the Daesitiates from Province of Dalmatia (modern-day Central Bosnia).[75]

Colapiani

Colapiani was the name of an Illyrian tribe.[76] The Colapiani were created from the Pannonian Breuci[77] along with the Osseriates and the Celtic Varciani.[citation needed] They lived in the central and southern White Carniola, along the Kupa river, and were mentioned by Pliny the Elder and Ptolemy.[78] The archeologists Jaro Šašel and Dragan Božič have attributed the Vinica material culture to Colapiani,[79] but opinions are divided.[80]

Daesitiates

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Daesitiates were an Illyrian tribe that lived in what is today Central Bosnia in Bosnia and HerzegovinaLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. during the time of the Roman Republic. Along with the Maezaei, the Daesitiates were part of the western group of Pannonians in Roman Dalmatia.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. They were prominent from the end of the 4th century BCE up until the beginning of the 3rd century CE. Evidence of their daily activities can be found in literary sources, as well as in the rich material finds that belong to the Central Bosnian cultural group. After nearly three centuries of political independence, the Daesitiates (and their polity) were conquered by Roman Emperor Augustus. Afterwards, the Daesitiates were incorporated into the province of Illyricum with a low total of 103 Script error: No such module "Lang"..Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.

Pirustae

The Pirustae or Pyrissaei[81] (Template:Langx[82] or Script error: No such module "Lang".)[56] were a Pannonian Illyrian[83] tribe that lived in modern Montenegro. According to some sources, they had also lived in territories outside of modern-day Montenegro, but the majority of archaeologists, including the famous British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans, say that the Pirustae had lived in northern Montenegro, around present-day Pljevlja and that they were prominent miners. Their prominence in mining has been seen in epigraphic monuments from Dacia's mining regions.[84] Pirustae along with other Pannonians and Illyrians like the Sardeates were later settled in Dacia (modern-day Romania).[50][85]

Scirtari

The Scirtari or Scirtones were an Illyrian tribe.[47] The Scirtari were part of the Pirustae.[44] The Scirtari had 72 Script error: No such module "Lang"..

Glintidiones

The Glintidiones (Template:Langx) were an Illyrian[86] tribe. The Glintidiones may have been part of the Pirustae.[44] The Glintidiones had 44 Script error: No such module "Lang"..

Ceraunii

Ceraunii (Template:Langx) was the name of an Illyrian tribe that lived close to the Pirustae[87] in modern Montenegro. The Ceraunii were part of the Pirustae.[44] They had 24 Script error: No such module "Lang"..[88] Their name seems to derive from the Greek word for 'thunderbolt'.[89]

Segestani

The Segestani (Template:Langx) were a Pannonian Illyrian tribe who inhabited the area around Segestica, later known as Siscia (modern-day Sisak in Croatia).[90]

In the 2nd century BCE, the Segestani were attacked without lasting success by consuls Lucius Aurelius Cotta and an unidentified Cornelius.

In 35 BCE, the Segestani were attacked by Augustus, who conquered and occupied Siscia.

Maezaei

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Maezaei or Maizaioi or Mazaioi (Template:Langx) were a Pannonian Illyrian tribe.[91] The Maezaei had 269 Script error: No such module "Lang"..

Andizetes

The Andizetes, also referred to as Andisetes (Template:Langx), were a small Pannonian[92][93] tribe that lived in the territory of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina. Not much is known about this tribe except that it is found on the list of Illyrian tribes that rose against the Roman Empire during the Great Illyrian Revolt. The personal name of 'Andes', a variant of the name 'Andis' popular among the Illyrians of southern Pannonia and much of northern Dalmatia (corresponding roughly with modern Bosnia and Herzegovina), may be derived from the name of this tribe. They started receiving Roman citizenship during Trajan's rule.[73] The Andizetes are the earliest known inhabitants of the modern-day Croatian city of Osijek, which would be captured by the Celtic Scordisci around 350 BC.[94]

Azali

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Azali (Template:Langx) were a tribe that inhabited Brigetio (now Szőny) in Noricum, transported there during the Roman conquest from southern Pannonia.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. They had been deported after the 6–9 AD rebellion.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. They, along with the Eravisci, inhabited the Fejér County during the Marcomannic Wars (166–180).[95] The civitas azaliorum included the Brigetio legionary fortress and surrounding settlements.[96]

Ditiones

The Ditiones (Template:Langx) were a Pannonian Illyrian tribe.[68] The Ditiones had 239 Script error: No such module "Lang"..

Jasi

Jasi was the name of a Pannonian Illyrian tribe.[70][97]

Osseriates

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". The Osseriates[98] (also Oseriates), along with the Celtic Varciani and the Colapiani, were created from the Pannonian Breuci.

Illyrii proprie dicti

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Illyrii proprie dicti[99] were the Illyrians proper, so called by Pliny (23–79 CE) in his Natural History. They later formed the Docleatae. They were the Taulantii, the Pleraei or Pyraei, the Endirudini, Sasaei, Grabaei, Labeatae.[citation needed] Illyrians proper were also some of the native communities of Roman Dalmatia.[100]

Atintanii

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Atintanii or Atintani or Atintanians were a tribe in Illyria, north of Via Egnatia. Appian (95–165 CE) mentions them close to Epidamnus.[101] During the Illyrian Wars, the Atintani went over to the Romans and, according to Appian, Demetrius of Pharos tried to detach them from Roman authority. The Atintani seem to have originated from the obscure, perhaps Thracian Tynteni, only attested in coins.[102] The Atintani were ruled by the Thracian dynasty of the Peresadyes.[103]

Greek

Liburnians

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". In the early historical sources from the 8th century BCE, the Liburnians were recorded by name or as separate ethnic groups; and as early as the 6th century BCE, Hecateus noted that the Liburnians were also composed of Caulici, Mentores, Syopii and Hythmitae, probably narrow tribal communities. Later, in the 3rd century BCE, Callimachus mentioned Mentores, Hymanes, Enchealae and Peucetias as those who once had been a part of them, Ismeni were also recorded as one of their communities.[104]

Iapygians/Messapians

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". Iapygians and Messapians did not dwell in Illyria, but in the heel of southern Italy. They could have had Illyrian origins[106] or some sort of link with Illyria.

Adriatic Veneti

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote".

See also

Page Module:Side box/styles.css has no content.Page Template:Sister project/styles.css has no content.

Page Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
Script error: No such module "Sister project logo".
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Script error: No such module "Commons link"..

References

Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.

  1. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  2. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  3. ^ Alan Bowman, The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 10: The Augustan Empire, 43 BC – AD 69, Template:ISBN, 1996, p. 579.
  4. ^ 'Script error: No such module "Lang".' was a Roman term used by Pliny the Elder in his Natural History completed in 70 AD based on official registers. Each Script error: No such module "Lang". had a number of Script error: No such module "Lang". assigned to it as an indication of its size. A Roman division of native peoples. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.)
  5. ^ William Smith, LLD, Ed., Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, 1854
  6. ^ History of the Byzantine Empire, 324–1453 By Alexander A. Vasiliev Edition: 2, illustrated. Published by Univ of Wisconsin Press, 1958 Template:ISBN, Template:ISBN (page 613)
  7. ^ History of the Balkans: Eighteenth and nineteenth centuries by Barbara Jelavich Edition: reprint, illustrated. Published by Cambridge University Press, 1983 Template:ISBN, Template:ISBN (page 25)
  8. ^ The Indo-European languages By Anna Giacalone Ramat, Paolo Ramat Edition: illustrated. Published by Taylor & Francis, 1998 Template:ISBN, 9780415064491 (page 481)
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Galaty, Michael L. (2002). "Modeling the Formation and Evolution of an Illyrian Tribal System: Ethnographic and Archaeological Analogs". In William A. Parkinson (ed.). The Archaeology of Tribal Societies. Berghahn Books. p. 119. ISBN 1-78920-171-3.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hansen, Mogens Herman; Nielsen, Thomas Heine (2004). An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis (PDF). Oxford University Press. p. 342. ISBN 0-19-814099-1.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Çabej, Eqrem (1996). Studime etimologjike në fushë të shqipes (in shqip). Akademia e Shkencave e RPS të Shqipërisë, Instituti i Gjuhësisë dhe i Letërsisë.
  12. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "The Ardiaei, or Vardaei as they were known to the Romans, 'once the ravagers of Italy' and now reduced to a mere"
  13. ^ Appian and Illyricum by Marjeta Šašel Kos, " The Ardiaei were certainly also settled in the hinterland, along the Naro River at least as far as the Konjic region ..."
  14. ^ Pierre Cabanes: Script error: No such module "Lang".. Paris: SEDES. 1988. p. 301.
  15. ^ Neritan Ceka: The Illyrians to the Albanians. Tirana: Migjeni. 2013. pp. 229, 422.
  16. ^ Appian: Roman History, Vol. IV, The Civil Wars, Books 3.27-5 (Loeb Classical Library No. 5) by Appian and Horace White, 1979, Index: 69, 71; IL 4, 22. Bastitani, Spanish tribe, Sp. Mi. Bathiatae, Illyrian tribe
  17. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "Beginning in the south the first Illyrians near the coast were the Bylliones beyond the river Aous in the hinterland of Apollonia. Their hill-settlement developed later into the town of Byllis ..."
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Elsie, Robert. "Early History of Albania" (PDF). albanianhistory.net. Robert Elsie.
  19. ^ The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 6: The Fourth Century BC by D. M. Lewis (Editor), John Boardman (Editor), Simon Hornblower (Editor), M. Ostwald (Editor), Template:ISBN, 1994, page 423, "Through contact with their Greek neighbors some Illyrian tribe became bilingual (Strabo Vii.7.8.Diglottoi) in particular the Bylliones and the Taulantian tribes close to Epidamnus ..."
  20. ^ The central Balkan tribes in pre-Roman times: Triballi, Autariatae, Dardanians, Scordisci and Moesians by Fanula Papazoglu, 1978, Template:ISBN, page 247, "... which appears in the name of the Illyrian tribe of the Cavii ..."
  21. ^ The classical gazetteer: a dictionary of ancient geography, sacred and profane by William Hazlitt, 1851, "Epicaria a town of the Cavii in Illyria ..."
  22. ^ Rome and the Mediterranean: books XXXI-XLV of The history of Rome from its foundation by Livy, Henry Bettenson, Template:ISBN, 1976, page 580
  23. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found. From back matter: "Surveys of ships on coins of the Daors tribe ..."
  24. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "... to the Romans, 'once the ravagers of Italy' and now reduced to a mere 20 Script error: No such module "Lang"., and the Daorsi or Daversi ..."
  25. ^ I greci in Adriatico, Volume 2 by Lorenzo Braccesi, Mario Luni, page 152, "The Daorsi suffered directly from the attacks of the Delmatae and were understandably one of the first peoples to have left Gentius' half brother Caravantius and sought protection from the Roman state, placing their armed forces at the disposal of the Romans. After the war, they were rewarded by having been given immunity ..."
  26. ^ The magistrates of the Roman Republic. Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton, 1960:446, "Head of a commission sent, after the receipt of complaints from Issa and the Daorsi, to observe conditions in Illyria and Dalmatia ..."
  27. ^ J. J. Wilkes, Dalmatia, Tome 2 of History of the Provinces of the Roman Empire, 1969, page 157
  28. ^ Appianus, Illyrica, Script error: No such module "Lang".
  29. ^ a b Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "... of southwest Bosnia, the Maezaei (269) of the Sana and Vrbas valleys, and the Sardeates (52) around Jajce and the Deuri (25) around Bugojno, both in the Vrbas valley."
  30. ^ a b c d e The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 10: The Augustan Empire, 43 BC-AD 69 (Volume 10) by Alan Bowman, Edward Champlin, and Andrew Lintott, 1996, page 577
  31. ^ Neritan Ceka: The Illyrians to the Albanians. Tirana: Migjeni. 2005. p. 148: "Salona was the center of a Script error: No such module "Lang". made up of the Dalmatians, with 342 Script error: No such module "Lang".; the Deuri, with 25; the Ditiones, with 239; the Mezei, with 60; and the Sardeates with 53."
  32. ^ VII.7.5, Script error: No such module "Lang".
  33. ^ Macedonia, Thrace and Illyria: their relations to Greece from the earliest... by Stanley Casson, page 321
  34. ^ Strabo, Geography (ed. H.C. Hamilton, Esq., W. Falconer, M.A.), book 7, chapter 7: "... had established their sway, and Enchelii, who are also called Sesarethii or Sesarethioi. Then come the Lyncestæ, the territory Deuriopus, Pelagonia-Tripolitis ..."
  35. ^ Strabo Geography, Book 7.7
  36. ^ John J. Wilkes, The Illyrians, 1996, Template:ISBN, p. 96: "The Enchelei are an Illyrian people, who inhabit the land after Rhizon. From Bouthoe to Epidamnus, a Greek city ...".
  37. ^ Cadmus: "After having many children, Cadmus and Harmonia left Thebes in order to defend the Encheleans, a people living in southern Illyria, which is the region north of Epirus, and there defeated the Illyrian intruders ..."
  38. ^ John J. Wilkes, The Illyrians; 1996, Template:ISBN, p. 98.
  39. ^ John J. Wilkes, The Illyrians, 1996, Template:ISBN, p. 99.
  40. ^ Benac A., Ed. (1986): Bosna i Herzegovina / Bosnia and Herzegovia / Bosnien und Herzegowina. Svjetlost, Sarajevo.
  41. ^ Šentija J., Ed. (1977): Opća enciklopedija Jugoslavenskog leksikografskog zavoda, 3: Foc-Iw. Jugoslavenski leksikografski zavod, Zagreb.
  42. ^ The Cambridge Ancient History by John Boardman, Template:ISBN, 1923, page 578, "Since they are listed among those peoples who submitted in 33 B.C. the Melcumani (24) are not likely to have lived any great distance from the coast. It has been suggested that they may ..."
  43. ^ Gaius Plinius Secundus' Historiae naturalis, Liber 3
  44. ^ a b c d e The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 10: The Augustan Empire, 43 BC-AD 69 (Volume 10) by Alan Bowman, Edward Champlin, and Andrew Lintott, 1996, page 578
  45. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "... destination of one of the military roads constructed from Salona after the end of the war in AD 9. The Narensi (102) of the same conventus are likely to be named from the river Naron/Narenta ..."
  46. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  47. ^ a b Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "... whose name deriving from the Greek for 'thunderbolt' links them with high mountains, Siculotae (24), Glintidiones (44) and Scirtari, who dwelt along the border with Macedonia. In northeast Bosnia the Dindari are located by the record of one of ..."
  48. ^ The Oxford Classical Dictionary by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth, 2003, page 426
  49. ^ A dictionary of the Roman Empire Oxford paperback reference, Template:ISBN, 1995, page 202, "... contact with the peoples of the Illyrian kingdom and at the Celticized tribes of the Delmatae ..."
  50. ^ a b c ALBURNUS MAIOR (Roşia Montană) Alba, Romania., "An important settlement, center of gold mining in Roman Dacia Superior, in the Apuseni mountains. In the hills of Cetatea Mare and Cetatea Mică, traces are preserved of ancient Roman mines. Under Trajan, Dalinatian colonists (Pirustae, Baridustae, Sardeates) settled here, each tribe dwelling in a separate village or quarter."
  51. ^ Roman Dacia: the making of a provincial society by W. S. Hanson, Ian Haynes, 2004, page 22, "Outside the main urban centres, the best attested group of civilian immigrants is members of the Dalmatian tribes such as the Baridustae ..."
  52. ^ A. Mayer, Die Sprache der alten Illyrier I (Schriften der Balkankommission, Linguistiche Abteilung XV), VÖAW, 1957, p. 329.
  53. ^ DOCLEA (Duklja) Crna Gora, Yugoslavia.
  54. ^ Istorijski leksion Crne Gore: Č-J Template:ISBN
  55. ^ Dalmatia, Tome 2 of History of the provinces of the Roman Empire by J. J. Wilkes, 1969, page 32
  56. ^ a b c d Appianus, Illyrica, Script error: No such module "Lang".
  57. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "In Popovopolje the Deraemestae may have been incorporated within the new municipium at Diluntum (Ljubinje). Several cities were created in the more remote regions"
  58. ^ a b c d e Alan Bowman, Edward Champlin, and Andrew Lintott, The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 10: The Augustan Empire, 43 BC – AD 69, 1996, p. 577: "... figure in the warfare of the second century B.C. The Deraemestae (30) were a new formation from several smaller peoples in the hinterland of Epidaurum including the Ozuaei, Partheni, Hemasini, Arthitae and Armistae."
  59. ^ J. J. Wilkes, Dalmatia, Tome 2 of History of the Provinces of the Roman Empire, 1969, p. 482.
  60. ^ The Cambridge ancient history, Tome 6 by John Boardman, Template:ISBN, 1994, page 423
  61. ^ Appian, The Foreign Wars, III, 1.2
  62. ^ Food in the Ancient World (Food Through History) by Joan P. Alcock, Template:ISBN, 2005, page 91, "Aristotle described the process of making it by the Taulantii of Illyria, and Pliny commented on hydromeli made in Phrygia."
  63. ^ Ion Grumeza, Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe, Template:ISBN, 2009, p. 51: "In a short time the Dacians imposed their conditions on the Anerati, Boii, Eravisci, Pannoni, Scordisci ..."
  64. ^ Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth, The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 2003, p. 1106.
  65. ^ A. Mocsy, S. Frere, "Pannonia and Upper Moesia", A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire, p. 152: "As already seen on Chapter 3 the Celtic and Celticized natives of Pannonia."
  66. ^ [1]J. Pokorny, Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, No. 1481 Script error: No such module "webarchive".
  67. ^ John T. Koch (2006). Celtic Culture. p. 1662. Template:ISBN.
  68. ^ a b c Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "Papirius Carbo. Strabo (7.5, 3) identifies the Pannonian peoples as Breuci, Andizetes, Ditiones, Pirustae, Maezaei and Daesitiates."
  69. ^ J. J. Wilkes, Dalmatia, Tome 2 of History of the Provinces of the Roman Empire, 1969, page 534
  70. ^ a b Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "Except for the Latobici and Varciani, whose names are Celtic, the civitates of Colapiani, Jasi, Breuci, Amantini and Scordisci were Illyrian."
  71. ^ a b Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "The war was a savage affair and the main resistance to the Romans came from the Breuci and Amantini in the Sava valley. The young males were rounded up and sold as slaves in Italy, a quite exceptional action"
  72. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "the Breuci with Scilus Bato, Blaedarus, Dasmenus, Dasius, Surco, Sassaius, Liccaius and Lensus, and the Amantini and Scordisci around Sirmium with Terco and Precio, Dases and Dasmenus"
  73. ^ a b Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "... reign of Trajan (AD 98-117), does the Roman citizenship begin to appear among the Illyrian communities of southeast Pannonia, the Andizetes, Scordisci and Breuci."
  74. ^ Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe by Ion Grumeza, Template:ISBN, 2009, page 51, "Many Scordisci and Breuci settled in Dacia nevertheless and were eventually absorbed into the local population."
  75. ^ The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 10: The Augustan Empire, 43 BC-AD 69 (Volume 10) by Alan Bowman, Edward Champlin, and Andrew Lintott, 1996, page 176, "Daesitiates was soon matched by rebellion of the Breuci in Pannonia, headed by Pinnes and another Bato."
  76. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "In Roman Pannonia the Latobici and Varciani who dwelt east of the Venetic Catari in the upper Sava valley were Celtic but the Colapiani of the Colapis (Kulpa) valley were Illyrians ..."
  77. ^ The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 10: The Augustan Empire, 43 BC-AD 69 (Volume 10) by Alan Bowman, Template:ISBN, 1996, page 579
  78. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Oto Luthar (2008). "Prehistory: History Created by Archaeology". The Land Between: A History of Slovenia. Peter Lang. p. 36. ISBN 978-3-631-57011-1.
  79. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Ljudje ob Krki in Kolpi v latenski dobi" [People Along Krka and Kolpa in the La Tène Period]. Arheološki vestnik (in slovenščina, Deutsch, and English). 52. Institute of Archaeology, Slovenian Academy of Arts and Sciences: 181–198. 2001.
  80. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Weiss, Janez (2007). "Sprehod po zgodovini Črnomlja od konca bronaste dobe do novega veka" [The Walk Through the History of Črnomelj from the End of the Bronze Age to the Modern Era]. Črnomelj.si (in slovenščina). Municipality of Črnomelj. Archived from the original on 31 May 2013.
  81. ^ J. J. Wilkes, Dalmatia, Tome 2 of History of the Provinces of the Roman Empire, 1969, page 155
  82. ^ Strabo's Geography 4.3
  83. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "... the imperial triumphs over individual peoples. Among the several Illyrian groups singled out were Japodes, Dardanians, Pannonian Andizetes and Pirustae."
  84. ^ Istorijski Leksilon Crne Gore: Č-J Template:ISBN
  85. ^ The Cambridge Ancient History, Part 1, The Prehistory of the Balkans, the Middle East and the Aegean World, Tenth to Eighth Centuries BC, 2nd Edition, by John Boardman Template:ISBN | Template:ISBN
  86. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "... with high mountains, Siculotae (24), Glintidiones (44) and Scirtari, who dwelt along the border with Macedonia. In northeast Bosnia the Dindari are located by the record of one of their chiefs (Script error: No such module "Lang".) in the Drina valley ..."
  87. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "Pirustae, who inhabited the high valleys of southeast Bosnia and northern Montenegro, seem to have been divided between the Ceraunii (24 Script error: No such module "Lang".) ..."
  88. ^ J. J. Wilkes, Dalmatia, Tome 2 of History of the Provinces of the Roman Empire, 1969, page 485
  89. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "Pirustae, who inhabited the high valleys of southeast Bosnia and northern Montenegro, seem to have been divided between the Ceraunii (24 Script error: No such module "Lang".), whose name deriving from the Greek for 'thunderbolt' ..."
  90. ^ Rome and the Barbarians, 100 B.C. – A.D. 400 by Thomas S. Burns, Template:ISBN, 2003, page 200, "... Appian's account depicts a situation in which the inhabitants of Siscia (Script error: No such module "Lang"., Script error: No such module "lang"., therefore 'the Segestani') appealed in vain for aid from fellow Pannonians in their vicinity, but these people were reluctant to get involved, preferring ..."
  91. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "Among the Pannonians within Roman Dalmatia the western groups, including the Maezaei and Daesitiates, exhibit few outside connections, and those are with Delmatae immediately to the south, though in Alföldy's view the two groups ..."
  92. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  93. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "... Papirius Carbo. Strabo (7.5, 3) identifies the Pannonian peoples as Breuci, Andizetes, Ditiones, Pirustae, Maezaei and Daesitiates"
  94. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dizdar, Marko (2014). "Bronze belt from Osijek". In Guštin, Mitja; David, Wolfgang (eds.). The Clash of Cultures? The Celts and the Macedonian World. Schriften des kelten römer museums manching 9. Manching: Kelten Römer Museums. pp. 189–200. ISBN 978-3-9812891-8-3.
  95. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mócsy, András (1959). Die Bevölkerung von Pannonien: bis zu den Markomannenkriegen (in Deutsch). Verlag der Ungarischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. pp. 54–.
  96. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Fejfer, Jane; Moltesen, Mette; Rathje, Annette (9 April 2015). Tradition: Transmission of Culture in the Ancient World. Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-87-635-4258-6.
  97. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "Pannonian Illyrians include that of the Jasi ..."
  98. ^ The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. 10: The Augustan Empire, 43 BC-AD 69 (Volume 10) by Alan Bowman, Edward Champlin, and Andrew Lintott, 1996, page 579,
  99. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  100. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
  101. ^ Appian, Illyrian Wars, App. Ill. 2.
  102. ^ The Cambridge Ancient History: Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean... by John Boardman, 1988, Template:ISBN, page 496, "The issuing authorities were tribes as far afield as the 'Tynteni' (later Atintani) ..."
  103. ^ A History of Macedonia: 550-336 B.C
  104. ^ Š. Batović, Liburnska kultura, Matica Hrvatska i Arheološki muzej Zadar, Zadar, 2005, UDK: 904 (398 Liburnija), Template:ISBN, pages 64-66
  105. ^ The Cambridge Ancient History by Alan K. Bowman, Template:ISBN, page 575
  106. ^ The Oxford Classical Dictionary by Simon Hornblower, Template:ISBN, 2003, page 431
  107. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "We may begin with the Venetic peoples, Veneti, Carni, Histri and Liburni, whose language set them apart from the rest of the Illyrians ..."
  108. ^ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.: "In Roman Pannonia the Latobici and Varciani who dwelt east of the Venetic Catari in the upper Sava valley were Celtic but the Colapiani of the Colapis (Kulpa) valley were Illyrians ..."
  109. ^ The classical gazetteer: a dictionary of ancient geography, sacred and profane by William Hazlitt, 1851, page 311, "SECUSSES, a people of Histria"

Sources

Further reading

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found.

Retrieved from "https://cosmopedia.co/index.php?title=List_of_ancient_tribes_in_Illyria&oldid=9662230#Arthitae"