Ewondo language
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| Ewondo | |
|---|---|
| Beti Cameroonian | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found. Ewondo text on a blackboard at a school in Yaoundé, 2019 | |
| Region | Cameroon |
| Ethnicity | Beti people |
Native speakers | (580,000 cited 1982)Template:Ethnologue25 does not exist |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Cameroon |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | Template:ISO 639-2 |
| ISO 639-3 | ewo |
| Glottolog | ewon1239 |
A.72[1] | |
| ELP | Template:Endangered Languages Project |
| Linguasphere | Template:Infobox language/lingualist |
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Ewondo also known as Beti or Cameroonian is a Bantu language spoken by the Beti people (more precisely Beti be Nanga, the people of the forest, or simply Beti) of Cameroon. The language had 577,700 native speakers in 1982. Ewondo is a trade language. Dialects include Badjia (Bakjo), Bafeuk, Bemvele (Mvele, Yezum, Yesoum), Bane, Beti, Enoah, Evouzom, Mbida-Bani, Mvete, Mvog-Niengue, Omvang, Yabekolo (Yebekolo), Yabeka, and Yabekanga. Ewondo speakers live primarily in Cameroon's Centre Region and the northern part of the Océan division in the South Region.
Ewondo is a Bantu language. It is a language of the Beti people, and is intelligible with Eton.
In 2011, there was a concern among Cameroonian linguists that the language was being displaced in the country by French.[2]
Distribution
Ewondo (Beti) covers the whole of the departments of Mfoundi, Mefou-et-Afamba, Mefou-et-Akono, Nyong-et-So'o, Nyong-et-Mfoumou (Central Region), and part of Océan Department (Southern Region).[3]
History
The Ewondo language originated in the forests south of the Sanaga river.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labio- velar |
Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | k͡p | ||
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | ɡ͡b | |||
| prenasal | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᵑɡ | ᵑᵐɡ͡b | |||
| Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | |||||
| voiced | d͡z | ||||||
| prenasal | ⁿd͡z | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | h | |||
| voiced | v | z | |||||
| prenasal | ᶬv | ||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
| Lateral | l | ||||||
| Rhotic | r | ||||||
| Approximant | j | w | |||||
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Close-mid | e | ə | o |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Open | a |
Alphabet system
| Uppercase | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | D | Dz | E | Ə | Ɛ | F | G | Gb | H | I | K | Kp | L | M | Mb | Mgb | Mv | N | Nd | Ndz | Ng | Ny | Ŋ | O | Ɔ | P | R | U | T | Ts | S | V | W | Y | Z |
| Lowercase | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a | b | d | dz | e | ə | ɛ | f | g | gb | h | i | k | kp | l | m | mb | mgb | mv | n | nd | ndz | ng | ny | ŋ | o | ɔ | p | r | u | t | ts | s | v | w | y | z |
| Phonemes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a | b | d | d͡z | e | ə | ɛ | f | ɡ | ɡ͡b | h | i | k | k͡p | l | m | m͡b | mɡ͡b | ɱ͡v | n | n͡d | nd͡z | ŋ͡ɡ | ɲ | ŋ | o | ɔ | p | r | u | t | t͡s | s | v | w | j | z |
The tones are indicated with diacritics on the vowels:
- the high tone is indicated with an acute accent: Script error: No such module "IPA".;
- the mid-high tone is indicated with a grave accent: Script error: No such module "IPA".;
- the mid tone is indicated with a macron: Script error: No such module "IPA".;
- the low tone the most frequent tone, is indicated by the absence of diacritics: Script error: No such module "IPA".;
- the mid-low tone, is also indicated by the absence of diacritics: Script error: No such module "IPA".;
- the rising tone is indicated with a caron: Script error: No such module "IPA".;
- the falling tone is indicated with a circumflex: Script error: No such module "IPA"..[5]
See also
References
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- ^ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
- ^ http://quotidien.mutations-multimedia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2962:patrimoine-la-langue-ewondo-a-son-dictionnaire&catid=58:news&Itemid=415[permanent dead link]
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Binam Bikoi, Charles, ed. (2012). Atlas linguistique du Cameroun (ALCAM) [Linguistic Atlas of Cameroon]. Atlas linguistique de l'Afrique centrale (ALAC) (in français). Vol. 1: Inventaire des langues. Yaoundé: CERDOTOLA. ISBN 9789956796069.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Owona, Antoine (2004). L'orthographe harmonisée de l'ewondo (Diplôme d'Etudes Approfondies thesis) (in français). Université de Yaoundé. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-7F52-D.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.AMUGU, Casimir, ed. (1977). M' AKAD NÂ [Langues et Littératures Nationales]. Langues du Cameroun (in français). Douala.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
External links
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- Ewondo alphabet and pronunciation
- Database of audio recordings in Ewondo - basic Catholic prayers[permanent dead link]
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