Brda dialect

Brda dialect
Gorizia Hills dialect
ˈbrìːško naˈrìeːči̯e
Pronunciation
Native to	Slovenia, Italy
Region	Gorizia Hills
Ethnicity	Slovenes
Language family	Indo-European Balto-Slavic Slavic South Slavic Western South Slavic Slovene Littoral Brda dialect
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
ELP	Template:Endangered Languages Project
Linguasphere	Template:Infobox language/lingualist
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The Brda dialect

The Brda dialect (Template:Langx , Template:Langx), or Gorizia Hills dialect, is a Slovene dialect spoken in the Gorizia Hills in Slovenia and Italy. It is known for extreme vowel reduction in final position. It borders the Natisone Valley dialect to the north and the Karst dialect to the east, and Friulian to the west. The dialect belongs to the Littoral dialect group, and it evolved from Venetian–Karst dialect base.

It is spoken in a territory with around 6,000 Slovene speakers, most of whom have a degree of knowledge of the dialect.

Geographical distribution

The dialect is spoken west of the Soča River in the Gorizia Hills, extending from Lig in the north, along the Soča River in the east, up to Oslavia (Template:Langx) and Gradiscutta () in the south and to Dolegna del Collio () in the west.

In Slovenia, the dialect is spoken in most of the territory of the Municipality of Brda (except for its northwesternmost strip, where the Natisone Valley dialect is spoken) and in the westernmost part of the Municipality of Kanal ob Soči. Notable settlements include Hum, Kojsko, Kozana, Šmartno, Medana, Dobrovo, Plave, and Anhovo.

In Italy, it is spoken in the northeastern area of the Province of Gorizia, in the municipalities of San Floriano del Collio (), and in part of the municipalities of Cormons () and Dolegna del Collio (). It is also spoken in the western suburbs of the town of Gorizia: in Piedimonte del Calvario (), Piuma (), and Oslavia.

Accentual changes

The Brda dialect lost pitch accent, unlike the nearby Natisone Valley and Torre Valley dialects; however, some southeastern microdialects (especially around Kojsko) have developed new tonal oppositions, which are morphologically correlated. These dialects distinguish between circumflex and acute accent on long vowels; short ones always have the same pitch. The dialect is in the late stages of losing length oppositions. It has undergone two accent shifts—the → and → accent shift in most of its territory—but some locales retain the initial accentuation.

Phonology

The Brda dialect has mostly uniform sounds for long vowels; however, for short vowels, sounds can vary drastically. The vowel turned into . The vowels and are now both pronounced as , the first one in Kozana as if not followed or preceded by a nasal consonant. The vowel turned into . The vowel turned into in most microdialects; some speakers near the Karst dialect pronounce it as , and is a diphthong in most microdialects. Alpine Slavic is still pronounced as and is still pronounced as . Syllabic turned into and turned into . Newly accented is pronounced as , and long is pronounced as .

In closed syllables, short turned into , into , and , , and into , lengthening in the process. The only unlengthened vowel is , which turned into around Kojsko, but may have also turned into a long vowel in other microdialects. The vowel before a stressed syllable usually turned into , although it also changes into . The vowels and before the stress turn into . Vowel after the stress turned into . Final , , , and are not pronounced anymore; the only exception is the third-person singular ending (e.g., (on) → ).

Consonant changes are rather common in the Littoral dialects. Palatal and are pronounced the same in most microdialects; the latter turned into in Kozana and west of that. The consonant turned into and into at the end of a word. Final turned into in the west. The clusters , , and turned into , , and , respectively.

Morphology

The Brda dialect has separate dual forms only in masculine o-stems in the nominative, vocative, and accusative cases; elsewhere they merged with the plural forms. A special case is the second-person plural, where the ending is (from the dual form) and the ending is used only for vikanje. The dialect uses the long infinitive, although final is dropped, but the accent remains the same. Neuter nouns are feminized in the plural.

The dialect also has different endings for the third-person plural form in the present tense. It is in the west, but in the east.

The greatest changes to morphology occurred around Kojsko, where the declension fundamentally changed. Because of vowel reduction, most endings were lost, and so different cases have different tones—either circumflex or acute—which helps determine the case.

Masculine o-stem declension

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-̑	-̑a	-́
Genitive	-̑a	-̑u
Dative	-́	-̑em ~ -̑əm
Accusative	nom or gen	-̑a	-́
Locative	-́	-̑ix
Instrumental	-̑əm	-̑əm ~ -áːm
Vocative	-̑	-̑a	-́

Neuter o-stem declension

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-̑o	-́
Genitive	-̑a	-̑
Dative	-́	-̑em ~ -̑əm
Accusative	-̑o	-́
Locative	-́	-̑ix
Instrumental	-̑əm	-̑əm ~ -áːm
Vocative	-̑o	-́

Feminine a-stem declension

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-̑a	-́
Genitive	-́	-̑
Dative	-́	-̑em
Accusative	-́	-́
Locative	-́	-̑ix
Instrumental	-́	-áːm
Vocative	-̑a	-́

A similar thing also happens with i-stem nouns when the ending is .

Bibliography

• Logar, Tine (1996). Kenda-Jež, Karmen (ed.). Dialektološke in jezikovnozgodovinske razprave [Dialectological and etymological discussions] (in slovenščina). Ljubljana: Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU, Inštitut za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša. ISBN 961-6182-18-8.
• Šekli, Matej (2018). Legan Ravnikar, Andreja (ed.). Tipologija lingvogenez slovanskih jezikov (in slovenščina). Translated by Plotnikova, Anastasija. Ljubljana: Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU. ISBN 978-961-05-0137-4. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)