Cyclen

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Cyclen
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Names
Preferred IUPAC name
1,4,7,10-Tetrazacyclododecane
Other names
Tetraaza-12-crown-4
[12]aneN₄[1]
Identifiers
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3D model (JSmol)
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  • InChI=1S/C8H20N4/c1-2-10-5-6-12-8-7-11-4-3-9-1/h9-12H,1-8H2 checkY
    Key: QBPPRVHXOZRESW-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1/C8H20N4/c1-2-10-5-6-12-8-7-11-4-3-9-1/h9-12H,1-8H2
    Key: QBPPRVHXOZRESW-UHFFFAOYAQ
  • N1CCNCCNCCNCC1
  • C1CNCCNCCNCCN1
Properties
C8H20N4
Molar mass 172.276 g·mol−1
Appearance White solid
Melting point 110–113 °C (230–235 °F; 383–386 K)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Template:Chembox Footer/trackingTemplate:Short description

Cyclen (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane) is an aza-crown ether with the formula (CH2CH2NH)4. It is a white solid. It forms coordination complexes with metal cations and is used to synthesize the chelating agent DOTA which has several medical applications. Being structurally simple, symmetrical, and polyfunctional, cyclen has been widely investigated.[2]

Synthesis

Some syntheses exploit the Thorpe-Ingold effect to facilitate ring-formation. Illustrative is the reaction of the deprotonated tosylamides with ditosylates:[3]

TsN(CH2CH2NTsNa)2 + TsN(CH2CH2OTs)2 → (TsNCH2CH2)4

The resulting macrocycle can be deprotected with strong acid. Base gives the tetramine.

High dilution conditions result in a low reaction rate penalty and this disadvantage is removed in an alternative procedure starting from triethylenetetraamine and dithiooxamide to a bisamidine – also a bis(imidazoline) – followed by reduction and ring expansion with DIBAL.[4]

Cyclen synthesis dithiooxamide method

Coordination complexes

File:CSD CIF JIKJUI.jpg
Structure of [Ni(cyclen)(OH2)2]2+. Color code: O = red, N = blue, Ni = dark blue, white = H, gray = C.[5]

Coordination complexes of cyclen have been studied extensively.[6][7] With a 12-membered C8N4 ring, it tends to bind to four contiguous sites on octahedral metal centers, forming four 5-membered chelate rings (see figure). Cyclen also forms "bis complexes", e.g. of the type [Ln(cyclen)2]3+ where Ln = lanthanide.[8]

  • The cyclam ligands are also tetraaza macrocycles but consist of a more flexible C10N4 ring.

References

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  1. ^ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (2005). Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 2005). Cambridge (UK): RSC–IUPAC. Template:ISBN. p. 261. Electronic version.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lejault, Pauline; Duskova, Katerina; Bernhard, Claire; Valverde, Ibai E.; Romieu, Anthony; Monchaud, David (2019). "The Scope of Application of Macrocyclic Polyamines Beyond Metal Chelation" (PDF). European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2019 (36): 6146–6157. doi:10.1002/ejoc.201900870. S2CID 201220297.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Atkins, T. J.; Richman, J. E.; Oettle, W. F. (1978). "1,4,7,10,13,16-Hexaazacyclooctadecane". Org. Synth. 58: 86. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.058.0086.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Reed, David P.; Weisman, Gary R. (2002). "1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane". Org. Synth. 78: 73. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.078.0073.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Scott, Brian; Brewer, Karen J.; Spreer, Larry O.; Craig, Carl A.; Otvos, John W.; Calvin, Melvin; Taylor, Scott (1990). "A Novel Conformation for a Coordinated Macrocycle: The Crystal Structure of [Ni(12-aneN4)(OH2)2](CIO4)2·H2O; (12-aneN4= 1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane)". Journal of Coordination Chemistry. 21 (4): 307–313. doi:10.1080/00958979009408193.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Gunnlaugsson, Thorfinnur; Leonard, Joseph P. (2005). "Responsive lanthanide luminescent cyclen complexes: From switching/Sensing to supramolecular architectures". Chemical Communications (25): 3114–3131. doi:10.1039/b418196d. PMID 15968347.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Joshi, Tanmaya; Graham, Bim; Spiccia, Leone (2015). "Macrocyclic Metal Complexes for Metalloenzyme Mimicry and Sensor Development". Accounts of Chemical Research. 48 (8): 2366–2379. doi:10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00142. PMID 26244894.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Barraza, Ramiro; Sertage, Alexander G.; Kajjam, Aravind B.; Ward, Cassandra L.; Lutter, Jacob C.; Schlegel, H. Bernhard; Allen, Matthew J. (2022). "Properties of Amine-Containing Ligands That Are Necessary for Visible-Light-Promoted Catalysis with Divalent Europium". Inorganic Chemistry. 61 (49): 19649–19657. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02911. PMC 9771976. PMID 36417708.

Further reading

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