Dicentra
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Dicentra (Greek dís "twice", kéntron "spur"),[3] known collectively as the bleeding-hearts, is a genus containing eight species of herbaceous flowering perennial plants with unique, "heart"-shaped flowers and finely divided foliage. The species are, primarily, native to North America, although several are found in temperate East Asia.
Description and growth requirements
Flowers have two tiny sepals and four petals. The flowers are bisymmetric: the two outer petals are spurred or pouched at the base and curved outwards or backwards at the tip, and the two inner ones with or without a crest at the tip. In Dicentra, all leaves are in a basal rosette, and flowers are on leafless stalks. In other genera with bisymmetric heart-shaped flowers (Lamprocapnos, Dactylicapnos, Ichtyoselmis, Ehrendorferia), leaves grow on stems as well as from the root.[4] Each of the two compound stamens is composed of one median and two lateral half stamens fused together. The stamens and pistil are held between the inner petals.
Native to Northeastern Asia, the Pacific Northwest, as well as parts of the eastern United States, Dicentra almost universally prefer growing in cool, temperate, wet forests with excellent drainage, often growing side-by-side with ferns, Hosta, mosses, and other shade- or dappled-light-loving species, depending on location and region. While Dicentra will bloom in filtered light or shade, if grown in poorly-drained soil and intense lighting, they will not bloom or thrive.[5]
Seeds with elaiosomes are borne in long capsules.
All parts of Dicentra are poisonous if ingested.
Taxonomy
Current species
The genus Dicentra includes plants whose flowers and leaves grow on stems directly from the roots. Species with branching stems used to be included in the genus, but have now been moved to other genera.[4]
| Image | Scientific name | Common name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| File:Dicentra canadensis - Canadian Heart Flower.jpg | Dicentra canadensis (Goldie) Walp. | squirrel-corn | eastern North America |
| File:Dicentra cucullaria.png | Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. | Dutchman's-breeches | eastern North America, with a disjunct population in the Columbia Basin |
| File:Fringed bleeding-heart flower cluster.jpg | Dicentra eximia (Ker-Gawl.) Torr. | fringed bleeding-heart, turkey-corn | Appalachian Mountains |
| File:Dicentra formosa by Danny S. - 001.JPG | Dicentra formosa (Haw.) Walp. | western or Pacific bleeding-heart | Pacific Coast of North America |
| File:Dicentra nevadensis imported from iNaturalist photo 22525515 on 5 December 2019.jpg | Dicentra nevadensis Eastw. | Sierra bleeding-heart | Sierra Nevada peaks of Tulare and Fresno Counties, endemic to central eastern California |
| File:Dicentrapauciflora.jpg | Dicentra pauciflora S. Wats. | short-horn steer's-head | Oregon and California |
| File:Dicentra peregrina Komakusa.jpg | Dicentra peregrina (Rudolphi) Makino | komakusa | Japan, the Kuril Islands, Sakhalin Island, and northeastern Siberia |
| File:Dicentra uniflora.jpg | Dicentra uniflora Kellogg | long-horn steer's-head | western United States |
Former species
The genera Dactylicapnos, Ichtyoselmis, Ehrendorferia and Lamprocapnos were previously included as subgenera in Dicentra, but have been shown not to belong in this genus (see for example Flora of China)
- Dactylicapnos Wall. (14 species of herbaceous climbers with yellow flowers, Himalaya to SW China)
- Dactylicapnos burmanica (K.R.Stern) Lidén
- Dactylicapnos grandifoliolata Merrill (Dicentra paucinervia K.R.Stern)
- Dactylicapnos lichiangensis (Fedde) Hand.-Mazz.
- Dactylicapnos macrocapnos (Prain) Hutchinson
- Dactylicapnos roylei (Hook.f. & Th.) Hutchinson
- Dactylicapnos scandens (D.Don) Hutchinson
- Dactylicapnos schneideri (Fedde) Lidén
- Dactylicapnos gaoligongshanensis Lidén
- Dactylicapnos torulosa (Hook.f. & Th.) Hutchinson (Dicentra wolfdietheri Fedde)
- Dactylicapnos cordata Lidén
- Ehrendorferia Lidén (2 species of erect robust herbaceous perennials with yellow or cream erect flowers, Western N America)
- Ehrendorferia ochroleuca (Engelm.) Lidén=Dicentra ochroleuca Engelm.
- Ehrendorferia chrysantha (Hook. & Arn.) Lidén. Golden Ear-drops=Dicentra chrysantha Hook. & Arn.
- Ichtyoselmis Lidén (1 species of large herbaceous perennial with serrate leaflets and large drooping cream flowers, China, Burma)
- Ichtyoselmis macrantha (Oliver) Lidén
- Lamprocapnos Endlicher (1 species of herbaceous perennial with large pink flowers in horizontal racemes, NE China, Korea)
- Lamprocapnos spectabilis (L.) Fukuhara bleeding heart=Dicentra spectabilis Lem.
Cultivation
There are several hybrids and cultivars involving Dicentra eximia, Dicentra formosa, and Dicentra peregrina, including (those marked Page Template:Smallcaps/styles.css has no content.agm have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit):[6]
- Dicentra 'Aurora' — Dicentra formosa × Dicentra eximia — white flowers
- D. formosa 'Bacchanal' (Page Template:Smallcaps/styles.css has no content.agm)[7] — deep red
- Dicentra 'Ivory Hearts' — Dicentra peregrina × Dicentra eximia 'Alba' — white
- Dicentra 'King of Hearts' — Dicentra peregrina × (Dicentra formosa subsp. oregana × Dicentra eximia)
- D. formosa 'Langtrees' (Page Template:Smallcaps/styles.css has no content.agm)[8]
- Dicentra 'Luxuriant' (Page Template:Smallcaps/styles.css has no content.agm)[9] — Dicentra formosa × Dicentra eximia × Dicentra peregrina
- Dicentra 'Stuart Boothman' (Page Template:Smallcaps/styles.css has no content.agm)[10]
Hybrids involving Dicentra peregrina are often intolerant of hot, humid climates and sun, like the species itself.
References
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- ^ a b International Plant Names Index
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."GRIN taxonomy". Archived from the original on 2009-05-06. Retrieved 2010-01-13.
- ^ Template:LSJ, Template:LSJ
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Tebbitt, Mark; Lidén, Magnus; Zetterlund, Henrik (2008). Bleeding hearts, Corydalis, and their relatives. Timber Press. pp. 56–58. ISBN 9780881928822.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Laurie Hodges (2012). "Bleeding Heart: A Review for Growers". HortTechnology. 22 (4): 517–522. doi:10.21273/HORTTECH.22.4.517. S2CID 87279067.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 32. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."RHS Plantfinder - Dicentra formosa 'Bacchanal'". Retrieved 12 February 2018.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."RHS Plantfinder - Dicentra formosa 'Langtrees'". Retrieved 12 February 2018.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."RHS Plantfinder - Dicentra 'Luxuriant'". Retrieved 12 February 2018.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."RHS Plantfinder - Dicentra 'Stuart Boothman'". Retrieved 12 February 2018.
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