Hakha Chin

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Template:Short description Script error: No such module "Distinguish". Template:DMCA Template:DMCA

Page Module:Infobox/styles.css has no content.

Hakha Chin
Script error: No such module "Lang".
Native toMyanmar, India[1]
EthnicityChin
Native speakers
300,000 (2011–2024)[2]
Latin
Mon–Burmese
Language codes
ISO 639-3cnh
Glottologhaka1240
ELPTemplate:Endangered Languages Project
LinguasphereTemplate:Infobox language/lingualist
 Template:Infobox language/lingualist
 Template:Infobox language/lingualist
 Template:Infobox language/lingualist
 Template:Infobox language/lingualist
 Template:Infobox language/lingualist
 Template:Infobox language/lingualist
 Template:Infobox language/lingualist
 Template:Infobox language/lingualist
 Template:Infobox language/lingualist

Page Template:Infobox/styles-images.css has no content.Script error: No such module "Check for conflicting parameters".

Hakha Chin, or Laiholh, is a Kuki-Chin language spoken by nearly 300,000 people, mostly in Myanmar.[3] In Mizoram, the language is recognized as Pawi. The total figure includes 2,000 Zokhua and 60,100 Hakha speakers.[4] The speakers are largely concentrated in Chin State in western Myanmar and Mizoram in eastern India, with a small number of speakers in south-eastern Bangladesh.

Distribution

The Hakha Chin (Lai) speakers are largely in Chin State, Burma and Mizoram in Northeast India, with a small number of speakers in south-eastern Bangladesh. Nowadays, more than eighty thousands Hakha Chin speakers are living in the Western countries, such as Canada, Denmark, Germany, Norway, and the United States, as well as Australia and New Zealand.[citation needed]

Mutual intelligibility

Hakha Chin serves as a lingua franca in most parts of Chin State and is a native language in Hakha, Thantlang, and parts of Matupi. Derived from the same Lai dialect and sharing 85% of their phonology, Falam Chin speakers can easily communicate with Hakha speakers. As the capital of Chin State, Hakha provides government employment and business opportunities to people living elsewhere in Chin State. These people live here temporarily or permanently, and their families eventually learn how to speak Lai holh (Hakha).

The Chin people use Latin script (Hakha alphabet) as their writing system.

Phonology

Syllable structure

Words in the Hakha Chin language are predominantly monosyllabic with some sesqui syllables featuring a "reduced syllable".[5] Full syllables are either open or closed with a rising, falling, or low tone.[citation needed]

Consonants

Page Module:Message box/ambox.css has no content.

The Hakha Chin language differentiates between voiced, voiceless, and voiceless aspirated obstruents. Additionally, two sets of sonorants are realised.[6]

Labial Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
central lateral
Nasal voiced m n ŋ
voiceless m̥ n̥ ŋ̊
Plosive tenuis p t ʈ k ʔ
aspirated pʰ tʰ ʈʰ kʰ
voiced b d (ɡ)
Affricate tenuis t͡s tɬ
aspirated t͡sʰ tɬʰ
Fricative voiceless f s h
voiced v z
Liquid voiced r l
voiceless r̥ l̥
Semivowel w j

Consonants allowed in syllable codas are Script error: No such module "IPA"..

Consonants Script error: No such module "IPA". occurring in syllable-final position may also occur as glottalized Script error: No such module "IPA"..[7]

The unattested parent language, Proto-Chin, featured a voiced velar plosive Script error: No such module "IPA".. The phoneme itself was lost in all of its daughter languages, due to a spirantisation to ɣ, which a labialisation followed afterwards.[6] Only certain loanwords, not native words, have the voiced velar plosive.

In the Hakha alphabet, ⟨h⟩ transcribes the glottal fricative in initial position, but a glottal stop in coda position.[8] Voiceless approximants are distinguished in writing from their voiced counterparts with a prefixed ⟨h⟩.

Vowels

The Hakha language features five vowels which may be long or short. Allophones occur for closed syllables.[6]

Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e ɔ
Open a

In final position, /e/ can be heard as [ɛ].[7]

The Hakha language also features diphthongs.[6]

Front Central Back
Close ia   iu ui   ua
Mid ei   eu ɔi
Open ai   au

Grammar

Hakha-Chin is a subject-object-verb (SOV) language, and negation follows the verb.

Literacy and literature

Literacy rates are lower for older generations and higher in younger generations.[9] The Hakha-Chin language uses the Latin script, unlike most languages of India and Bangladesh which use Devanagari or other Southeast Asian alphabets. Between 1978 and 1999, the Bible was translated into the language.[9]

A written script for Hakha (Lai) was created in 1891 by DJC Mcnabb.[10] Additional scripts were created in 1894 by AGZ Newland, in 1900 by Rev. Arthur E. Carson and Rev. Dr. Harry H. Tilbe, and in 1908 by Rev. Dr. Herbert Cope.[9]

Distribution

The Hakha-Chin language is also known as Haka, Baung-shè, and Lai in Burma, India, and Bangladesh.[9] The Hakha-Chin people are largely members of the Lai tribe. In India, they are a Scheduled Tribe, which means the government recognizes them as a distinct people. As they mostly live in hilly or even mountainous remote areas, most Hakha-Chin speakers rely on swidden agriculture.[9] Hakha-Chin speakers are predominantly Christian.[9]

Burma

As of 1991, there were 100,000 Hakha-Chin speakers in Burma.[9] Dialects vary from village to village.

Bangladesh

As of 2000, there were 1,264 Hakha-Chin speakers in Bangladesh.[9] In Bangladesh, the Senthang dialect Shonshe is spoken and it may be a language in its own right.[9]

India

As of 1996, there were 345,000 Hakha-Chin speakers in India, mostly in the Lawngtlai, Lunglei, and Aizawl districts of Mizoram as well as the southernmost tip of Assam.[9] In India, the language is also known as Lai Pawi and Lai Hawlh and is taught in some primary schools. Most of its younger speakers in India are literate.[9]

Bibliography

  • Peterson, David A. (2003). "Hakha Lai" In Graham Thurgood and Randy J. LaPolla, eds. The Sino-Tibetan Languages, 409–426. London: Routledge

See also

References

Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.

  1. ^ Template:E28
  2. ^ Template:E28
  3. ^ Template:E28
  4. ^ Template:E28
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hyman, Larry M.; VanBik, Kenneth (2004). "Directional rule application and output problems in Hakha Lai tone" (PDF). Language and Linguistics. 5 (4): 821–861.[permanent dead link]
  6. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Khoi Lam Thang (2001). A phonological reconstruction of Proto-Chin (PDF) (MA thesis). Payap University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  7. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lalremzani, C. (2013). Lai phonetics phonology and morphology: a descriptive study. North-Eastern Hill University.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Pronunciation". hobugt.dk. Archived from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Cite error: The named reference e25 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Lian, Salai Van Cung; Salem-Gervais, Nicolas (November 2020). "How Many Chin Languages Should Be Taught in Government Schools? Ongoing developments and structural challenges of language-in-education policy in Chin State". Parami Journal of Education. 1 (1).

Page Module:Side box/styles.css has no content.Page Template:Sister project/styles.css has no content.

Page Template:Plainlist/styles.css has no content.
Script error: No such module "Sister project logo".
Hakha Chin test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

Template:Sino-Tibetan languages Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Navbox/configuration' not found. Template:Languages of Northeast India

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Authority control/config' not found.

Retrieved from "https://cosmopedia.co/index.php?title=Hakha_Chin&oldid=6115022"