Hamilton Group

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Hamilton Group or
Millboro Shale
Stratigraphic range: Eifelian - Famennian
TypeGroup
Sub-unitsWestern Pennsylvania and West Virginia:
Mahantango Formation

New York and Central Pennsylvania:

Moscow Formation
Ludlowville Formation
Skaneatales Formation
Marcellus Formation
UnderliesTully Limestone and Harrell Shale
OverliesOnondaga Limestone
Thicknessup to 2,500 feet (800 m)
Lithology
PrimaryShale
OtherLimestone, Siltstone, Claystone
Location
RegionAppalachian Basin of
eastern North America
ExtentMaryland, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia and Ontario, Canada
Type section
Named forHamilton, New York
Named byJames Hall

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The Hamilton Group is a Devonian-age geological group which is located in the Appalachian region of the United States. It is present in New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, West Virginia, northwestern Virginia and Ontario, Canada,[1][2] and is mainly composed of marine shale with some sandstone.

There are two main formations encompassed by the group: the Mahantango Formation and the Marcellus Shale. In southwestern Virginia, where the two sub-units are not easily distinguishable, the Hamilton Group is broadly equivalent to the Millboro Shale or Millboro Formation.[3]

The group is named for the village of Hamilton, New York.[4][5] These rocks are the oldest strata of the Devonian gas shale sequence.[6]

File:USGS 2006 1237 table2 Stratigraphy Middle Devonian.svg
Generalized stratigraphic nomenclature for the Middle Devonian strata in the Appalachian Basin.[7]

Stratigraphic Setting

In western Pennsylvania, Ohio and West Virginia the Hamilton Group consists of the Mahantango Formation, a gray, dark gray, brown, and olive laminated shale; siltstone; and very fine-grained sandstone or claystone containing marine fossils. The uppermost The Mahantango Formation includes these members in descending order: Sherman Ridge, Montebello sandstone, Fisher Ridge, Dalmatia, and Turkey Ridge. In south-central Pennsylvania, it includes Clearville, Frame, Chaneysville, and Gander Run Members. Its thickness in Maryland ranges from 600 feet in the west, increasing to 1,200 feet in the east,[8] and approximately 1000 feet thick in central Pennsylvania.[9]clay layers of the Mahantango Formation are particularly rich in fossils.[9]

In New York, central and eastern Pennsylvania the upper sections contain several thick grey shale formations, occasionally marked with limestone stringer. In descending order they are the: Moscow Formation which contains the North Evans Limestone, Windom Shale, Kashong Shale and at the base Tichenor Limestone. Next is the Ludlowville Formation,this contains the Jaycox Shale, Owasco Shale, Spafford Shale, Wanakah Shale / Ivy Point Shale, Ledyard Shale / Otisco Shale and Centerfield Limestone. The Skaneateles formation contains the Levanna Member and the Stafford Limestone.[10][11] The base of the Stafford Limestone marks the top of the Marcellus Shale, a fissile gray-black to black, thinly laminated, pyritic, carbonaceous thin shale with sparse marine fauna and siderite concretions. The Marcellus Formation contains a local limestones Purcell Member and Cherry Valley as well as Tioga Bentonites at the base in central and eastern Pennsylvania. Its thickness in Maryland ranges from 250 feet in east, increasing to 500 feet in the west.[8]

In eastern New York the Hamilton contains Mannorkill Formation, Potter Hollow Formation, Portland Point Limestone (member), Plattekill Formation, Panther Mountain Formation, Cherry Valley Limestone, and Bakoven Shale.[12]

The total thickness of the Hamilton Group in Pennsylvania runs about 970 feet. In New York State, it thickens from 250 feet near Lake Erie to over 2,500 feet in Ulster and Greene counties. Depths ranging from outcrops to 8,000 feet below the surface of Sullivan County, in the southeastern part of New York state.[6]

In Ontario, Canada, the Hamilton Group formations are, in ascending order, Bell, Rockport Quarry, Arkona, Hungry Hollow, Widder, and Ipperwash; the Kettle Point Formation of the late Devonian lies unconformably above.[13]

The Hamilton Group, Tioga Bentonites, and Needmore Shale were formerly called the Romney Formation.[8]

  • The Geneseo Shale is a dark grey to black shale that overlies the Tully Limestone; it includes the Filmore beds.[14]
  • The Tully Limestone is a shallow-water carbonaceous unit.
  • The Moscow Formation (Middle Devonian / Givetian) comprises grey to black shales interbedded with limestones and calcareous mudstones and usually bioturbated.[15]

Age

Relative age dating of the Hamilton places it in the middle and lower Devonian period. In Maryland, it rests conformably atop the Tioga Metabentonite, a thin layer of laminated shale lying over the Needmore Shale. In other regions, the Needmore Shale is replaced by laterally equivalent units such as limestone and shale of the Onondaga Formation, or chert of the Huntersville Chert.[16]

The Hamilton Group lies conformably below the Brallier Formation (formerly Woodmont Shale, dark laminated shale) at its southern extent. Further north, it is overlain by the Tully Limestone, though some consider the Tully Limestone a subunit of the Mahantango Formation. The Tully Limestone is succeeded by the dark laminated Harrell Shale.[17] In 2012, Read and Erikson reported the group as dating from the Eifelian to Famennian in Virginia.[16][8]

Fossils

Source:[18]

Brachiopoda

Tropidoleptus carinatus

Nucleospira concinna

Mucrospirifer

Athyris

Coral

Pleurodictyum americanum

Mollusca

Bivalvia

Orthonota undulate

Trilobita

Dipleura


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Economic Resources

The Hamilton is a good source of road material, riprap and building stone,[19] that is used locally for shale aggregate and common fill.[9]

References

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  1. ^ Ryder, R.T., Swezey, C.S., Crangle, R.D., Jr., and Trippi, M.T., 2008, Geologic cross section E-E’ through the central Appalachian Basin from the Findlay Arch, Wood County, Ohio, to the Valley and Ridge Province, Pendleton County, West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map SIM-2985, 2 sheets with 48-page pamphlet. https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sim2985
  2. ^ Ryder, R.T., Trippi, M.H., Swezey, C.S., Crangle, R.D., Jr., Hope, R.S., Rowan, E.L., and Lentz, E.E., 2012, Geologic cross section C-C’ through the central Appalachian basin from near the Findlay Arch, north-central Ohio, to the Valley and Ridge Province, Bedford County, south-central Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map SIM-3172, 2 sheets with 70-page pamphlet. https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sim3172
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Map Unit Descriptions" (PDF). Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals and Energy. 2007-09-28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-11. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
  4. ^ Wood, G.H., Trexler, J.P., Kehn, T.M., (1964). Geology of the West-Central Part of the Southern Anthracite Field and Adjoining Areas, Pennsylvania. United States Geological Survey, C-46.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Geolex — Hamilton".
  6. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Martin, John P. "The Middle Devonian Hamilton Group Shales in the Northern Appalachian Basin: Production and Potential". New York State Energy Research and Development Authority. Archived from the original on 2006-10-11. Retrieved 2008-04-02.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Milici, Robert C.; Swezey, Christopher S. (2006). "Assessment of Appalachian Basin Oil and Gas Resources: Devonian Shale–Middle and Upper Paleozoic Total Petroleum System" (PDF). Open-File Report Series 2006-1237. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2008-04-05.
  8. ^ a b c d Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Geologic Maps of Maryland". Retrieved 2008-01-26.
  9. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.McElroy, Thomas A.; Hoskins, Donald M. (2007). "Bedrock Geology of the Allensville Quadrangle, Huntingdon and Mifflin Counties, Pennsylvania" (PDF). Pennsylvania Geological Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 9, 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Sinclair, James P. (1993). Final Generic Environmental Impact Statement for Promulgation of 6 NYCRR Part 382: Regulations for Low-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Facilities. DIANE Publishing. ISBN 1-56806-746-1.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Goldman, D.; Mitchell, C.E. (1990). "Morphology, systematics, and evolution of Middle Devonian Ambocoeliidae (Brachiopoda), western New York". Journal of Paleontology. 64 (1): 79–99. Bibcode:1990JPal...64...79G. doi:10.1017/S0022336000042256. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1305546. S2CID 133456873.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Manos, Constantine; Waines, Russell H. "THE CATSKILLS REVISITED" (PDF). Ottohmuller.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Geology of the Southwestern District". Resident Geologist Program - Southern Ontario. Ontario Ministry of Northern Development and Mines. Archived from the original on 2007-09-22.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Baird, Gordon C. (March 2001). Eustatic and Flexural events recorded in the Late Middle Devonian Tully Formation, New York State and Pennsylvania. Retrieved 2013-12-08.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Moscow Formation". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
  16. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Read, J. Fred; Eriksson, Kenneth A. (2012). "Paleozoic Sedimentary Successions of the Virginia Valley & Ridge and Plateau" (PDF). Virginia Tech Scholarly Works, Department of Geosciences.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jackson, Margaret S.; Hanley, Peter M.; Sak, Peter B. (2007). "Preliminary Bedrock Geologic Map of the Middle Portion of the Susquehanna River Valley, Cumberland, Dauphin, And Perry Counties, Pennsylvania" (PDF). Open File Report OFBM-07-05.0. Pennsylvania Geological Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 9, 2011. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.STOKES, PHILIP J.; ZAMBITO, IV, JAMES J. "USING MARINE FOSSILS TO UNLOCK THE MIDDLE DEVONIAN PALEOENVIRONMENTS OF WESTERN NEW YORK" (PDF). /ottohmuller.com.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.McElroy, Thomas A.; Hoskins, Donald M. (2007). "Preliminary Bedrock Geologic Map of the Middle Portion of the Susquehanna River Valley, Cumberland, Dauphin, and Perry Counties, Pennsylvania" (PDF). Pennsylvania Geological Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 9, 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

Template:Chronostratigraphy of Maryland Template:Chronostratigraphy of New York Template:Chronostratigraphy of Pennsylvania Template:Chronostratigraphy of Virginia Template:Stratigraphic column of West Virginia

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