Help:IPA/Irish

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Template:IPA key The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Irish-language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See Irish phonology and Irish orthography for a more thorough look at the sounds of Irish and how they are represented in writing, respectively.

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Key

Consonants[1]
Broad Slender
IPA Example English approximation IPA Example English approximation
bˠ bain, scuab boot Script error: No such module "IPA". béal, cnáib beautiful
d̪ˠ dorn, nead do (but dental), though (Ireland) Script error: No such module "IPA". dearg, cuid media
fˠ fós, graf, pholl fool Script error: No such module "IPA". fíon, stuif, phríosún fuel
ɡ gasúr, bog goose ɟ geata, carraig argue
ɣ dhorn, ghasúr Spanish higo j[2][3] dhearg, gheata yellow
h[4] Shasana, shean, thaisce, theanga, hata, na héisc hand Template:Screen reader-only
k cáis, mac cart c ceist, mic cube
l̪ˠ[5] labhair, balla filth Script error: No such module "IPA".[5] leabhair, goilleadh million
lˠ[5] fhlaith, bealach pool Script error: No such module "IPA".[5] fhleasc, goile leaf
mˠ mór, am moot Script error: No such module "IPA". milis, im mute
n̪ˠ[6] naoi, donna tenth Script error: No such module "IPA".[6] ní, bainne inch
nˠ[6] dona noon Script error: No such module "IPA".[6] bainis opinion
ŋ ngasúr long ɲ ngeata canyon
pˠ poll, stop poor Script error: No such module "IPA". príosún, truip pure
ɾˠ barr, carr rule (but tapped) Script error: No such module "IPA". fhréamh, tirim real (but tapped)
sˠ Sasana, tús, speal soon ʃ sean, cáis sheet
t̪ˠ taisce, ceart tool (but dental), thorn (Ireland) Script error: No such module "IPA". tír, beirt tune (accents without yod dropping)
w[7][3] bhain, dubh, mhór, léamh, vóta wood or voodoo Script error: No such module "IPA". bhéal, sibh, mhilis, nimh, veidhlín view
x cháis, taoiseach loch (Scotland) ç cheist, deich, theann, theocht, thiúilip, thiocfadh, thiubh hue (pronounced strongly)
Vowels
IPA Examples English approximation IPA Examples English approximation
a mac trap aː tá father
ɛ ceist best eː mé, gael pay
ɪ ith, duine kit iː mín, naoi mean
ɔ olc, deoch off oː bó, ceol core
ʊ dubh, fliuch good uː tú cool
ə solas, milis sofa Template:Screen reader-only
Diphthongs
IPA Examples English

Approximation

Script error: No such module "IPA".[8] bia idea
Script error: No such module "IPA".[8] fuar truant
Script error: No such module "IPA".[8] saghas light
Script error: No such module "IPA".[8] leabhar about
Suprasegmentals
IPA Explanation
Script error: No such module "IPA". primary stress (placed before the stressed syllable);
usually the first syllable except in Munster
Script error: No such module "IPA". secondary stress (usually found only in compounds)

Comparison of transcription schemes

Materials published elsewhere use somewhat different conventions from those used at Wikipedia. For example, it is a longstanding tradition to leave velarized ("broad") consonants unmarked and mark palatalized ("slender") consonants with the prime, but that is not standard IPA usage.

This section compares the IPA system used at Wikipedia (which is based on that used by Ailbhe Ní Chasaide in her description of Irish in the Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Template:ISBN) with the systems used in some other works.

IPA Ní Chasaide (1999)[9]
(Gweedore) 		Quiggin (1906)[10]
(Glenties) 		Breatnach (1947)[11]
(Ring) 		Ó Sé (2000)[12]
(Dingle Peninsula) 		Mhac an Fhailigh (1968)[13]
(Erris) 		Ó Siadhail (1988)[14]
(Cois Fharraige) 		Foclóir Póca (1993)[15]
(Lárchanúint)
a a æ, α a a a æ:, a: a
aː æ α: a: ɑː a: ɑ: a:
bˠ bˠ b b b b b b
bʲ bʲ b′ b′ b′ b′ b′ b′
c c k′ k′ k′ k′ k′ k′
ç ç ç ç x′ ç x′ x′
d̪ˠ d̪ˠ d d d d d d
dʲ d̠ʲ d′ d′ d′ d′ d′ d′
eː e e: e: eː e: e: e:
ɛ ɛ ɛ, e e e e e e
ə ə ə ə ə, ɪ ə ə ə
əi — αi əi ai əi ai ai
əu au αu əu ou əu au au
fˠ fˠ f f f f f f
fʲ fʲ f′ f′ f′ f′ f′ f′
ɡ ɡ g g ɡ g g g
ɣ ɣ ℊ γ ɣ ɣ ɣ γ
h h h h, h′ h h h h
iː i i: i: iː i: i: i:
ɪ ɪ ï, i, y i i i i i
iə ia iə iə iːə iə i:ə iə
j j j j ɣ′ j ɣ′ γ′
ɟ ɟ g′ g′ ɡ′ g′ g′ g′
k k k k k k k k
l̪ˠ l̪ˠ L l l L L l
lˠ l l
l̠ʲ l̠ʲ L′ l′ l′ L′ L′ l′
lʲ l l′ l′ l′
mˠ mˠ m m m m m m
mʲ mʲ m′ m′ m′ m′ m′ m′
n̪ˠ n̪ˠ N n n N N n
nˠ n n n
n̠ʲ n̠ʲ N′ n′ n′ N′ N′ n′
nʲ n′ n′ n′
ɲ ɲ ɲ ŋ′ ŋ′ ŋ′ ŋ′ ŋ′
ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ ŋ
oː o o:, ɔ: o: oː o: o: o:
ɔ ʌ ɔ, o̤ o o o o o
pˠ pˠ p p p p p p
pʲ pʲ p′ p′ p′ p′ p′ p′
ɾˠ ɾˠ r, R r r r r r
ɾʲ ɾʲ r′ r′ r′ r′ r′ r′
sˠ sˠ s s s s s s
ʃ ɕ ʃ ʃ ʃ ʃ s′ s′
t̪ˠ t̪ˠ t t t t t t
tʲ t̠ʲ t′ t′ t′ t′ t′ t′
uː u u: u: uː u: u: u:
ʊ ɤ U u u u u u
uə ua uə uə uːə uə u:ə uə
vʲ vʲ v v′ v′ v′ w′ v′
w w w v v w w v
x x χ x x x x x

See also

Notes

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  1. ^ Irish makes contrasts between velarized ("broad") and palatalized ("slender") consonants. Velarized consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ⟨ˠ⟩ (that is not a capital Y but a Latin letter, based on a Greek lowercase gamma, ⟨γ⟩), are pronounced with the back of the tongue raised toward the velum, which happens to the Script error: No such module "IPA". in English pill in some accents like RP and General American but not Hiberno-English. In Irish orthography, broad consonants are surrounded by ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩. Slender consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ⟨ʲ⟩, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate like the articulation of the [j] sound in yes /jɛs/. In Irish orthography, slender consonants are surrounded by ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩.
  2. ^ Also [ʝ] in some positions in some dialects. In Munster word final Script error: No such module "IPA". is fortified to Script error: No such module "IPA"., merging with Script error: No such module "IPA"..
  3. ^ a b Word final Script error: No such module "IPA". (⟨(a)idh, (a)igh⟩) and Script error: No such module "IPA". (⟨(e)abh, (e)amh⟩ or ⟨bh, mh⟩ after an epenthetic schwa) have merged with Script error: No such module "IPA". in South Connacht. In North Connacht and Ulster they merge with Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA"., respectively. In Munster, the former is realised as Script error: No such module "IPA". and the latter as Script error: No such module "IPA"..
  4. ^ Script error: No such module "IPA". is neither broad nor slender.
  5. ^ a b c d Few, if any, modern dialects of Irish distinguish all four types of L sound. Most dialects have merged Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". as Script error: No such module "IPA"., and some have also merged Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". as Script error: No such module "IPA".. Still others have merged Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". as [l].
  6. ^ a b c d Few, if any, modern dialects of Irish distinguish all four types of N sound. Most dialects have merged Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". as Script error: No such module "IPA"., and some have also merged Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". as Script error: No such module "IPA".. Still others have merged Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". as [n]. In parts of Munster, Script error: No such module "IPA". has merged with Script error: No such module "IPA". in non-initial position.
  7. ^ Script error: No such module "IPA". depending on dialect and position.
  8. ^ a b c d All Irish diphthongs have falling sonority; they could therefore more precisely be transliterated as Script error: No such module "IPA"..
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe (1999). "Irish" (PDF). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 111–116. ISBN 0-521-63751-1.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Quiggin, E. C. (1906). A Dialect of Donegal: Being the Speech of Meenawannia in the Parish of Glenties . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  11. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Breatnach, Risteard B. (1947). The Irish of Ring, Co. Waterford. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. ISBN 0-901282-50-2. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000). Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Irish). Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann. ISBN 0-946452-97-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mhac an Fhailigh, Éamonn (1968). The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. ISBN 0-901282-02-2.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ó Siadhail, Mícheál (1988). Learning Irish: An Introductory Self-tutor. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-04224-8.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Foclóir póca: English-Irish/Irish-English dictionary. Dublin: An Gúm. 1993. ISBN 1-85791-047-8.

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