Velarization
Template:Short description Template:IPA notice
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| Velarized | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | |||
| IPA number | 422 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity Page Template:Nobold/styles.css has no content.(decimal) | ˠ | ||
| Unicode Page Template:Nobold/styles.css has no content.(hex) | U+02E0 | ||
| |||
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| Velarized or pharyngealized | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "IPA". | |||
| IPA number | 428 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity Page Template:Nobold/styles.css has no content.(decimal) | ̴ | ||
| Unicode Page Template:Nobold/styles.css has no content.(hex) | U+0334 | ||
| |||
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Velarization or velarisation is a secondary articulation of consonants by which the back of the tongue is raised toward the velum during the articulation of the consonant. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, velarization is transcribed by one of four diacritics:
- A tilde or swung dash through the letter Page Template:Mono/styles.css has no content.U+0334 Template:Script/Serif Script error: No such module "Unicode data". covers velarization, uvularization and pharyngealization, as in Script error: No such module "IPA". (the velarized equivalent of Script error: No such module "IPA".)
- A superscript Latin gamma Page Template:Mono/styles.css has no content.U+02E0 ˠ Script error: No such module "Unicode data". (Page Template:Mono/styles.css has no content.Script error: No such module "LoadData".) after the letter standing for the velarized consonant, as in Template:Angbr IPA (a velarized Script error: No such module "IPA".)
- To distinguish velarization from a velar fricative release, Page Template:Mono/styles.css has no content.U+1D5A ᵚ Script error: No such module "Unicode data". may be used instead of Template:Angbr IPA, as in Template:Angbr IPA[1]
- A superscript ⟨w⟩ Page Template:Mono/styles.css has no content.U+02B7 ʷ Script error: No such module "Unicode data". may be used to indicate simultaneous velarization with labialization, as in Template:Angbr IPA, but is often used more broadly for protruded labialization, without specifying velarization.[2]
Although electropalatographic studies have shown that there is a continuum of possible degrees of velarization,[3] the IPA does not specify any way to indicate degrees of velarization, as the difference has not been found to be contrastive in any language. However, the IPA convention of doubling diacritics to indicate a greater degree can be used: Template:Angbr IPA.
Examples
English
A common example of a velarized consonant is the velarized alveolar lateral approximant (or "dark L"). In some accents of English, such as Received Pronunciation and General American English, the phoneme Script error: No such module "IPA". has "dark" and "light" (also called "clear") allophones: the "dark", velarized allophone Script error: No such module "IPA". appears in syllable coda position (e.g. in full), while the "light", non-velarized allophone Script error: No such module "IPA". appears in syllable onset position (e.g. in lawn). Other accents of English, such as Scottish English, Australian English, and potentially standard U.S. and Canadian accents, have "dark L" in all positions.[4]
Velarized /l/
- Albanian phonemically contrasts light l and dark ll
- Catalan dialect and allophonic variance
- Portuguese dialect and allophonic variance
- Turkish
- Kurdish
For many languages, velarization is generally associated with more dental articulations of coronal consonants so that dark l tends to be dental or dentoalveolar, and clear l tends to be retracted to an alveolar position.[5]
Other velarized consonants
- Danish realizes Script error: No such module "IPA". in some environments as a velarized Script error: No such module "IPA"..[6]
- Irish and Marshallese have velarized consonants that systematically contrast with palatalized consonants.[7]
- Similarly, Russian has velarized consonants as allophones of the non-palatalized (plain) series, especially prominent before front vowels and with labial and velar consonants as well as the lateral.[7][8]
- Scottish Gaelic has a three-way contrast in nasals and laterals between Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA".[9]
- Kurdish has three velarized consonants (Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., and Script error: No such module "IPA".) which contrast with plain ones.[10][11]
- Gilbertese has three velarized consonants (/mˠ/, /pˠ/, and /βˠ/), two of which (/mˠ/ and /pˠ/) contrast with a plain form.
The palatalized/velarized contrast is known by other names, especially in language pedagogy: in Irish and Scottish Gaelic language teaching, the terms slender (for palatalized) and broad (for velarized) are often used. In Scottish Gaelic the terms are caol (for palatalized) and leathann (for velarized).
The terms light or clear (for non-velarized or palatalized) and dark (for velarized) are also widespread. The terms "soft l " and "hard l " are not equivalent to "light l " and "dark l ". The former pair refers to palatalized ("soft" or iotated) and plain ("hard") Slavic consonants.
See also
References
Page Template:Reflist/styles.css has no content.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Tryon, Darrell T., ed. (1995). Comparative Austronesian Dictionary: An Introduction to Austronesian Studies (Part 1). Trends in Linguistics Documentation. Vol. 10. Berlin & New York: Mouten de Gruyter. p. xix. ISBN 978-3110127294.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.International Phonetic Association (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge University Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-52163751-0.
- ^ Template:Harvcoltxt citing Template:Harvcoltxt
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."English L sounds". public.websites.umich.edu. Retrieved 2025-07-19.
- ^ Template:Harvcoltxt
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pharao, Nicolai. "Word frequency and sound change in groups and individuals" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Padgett, Jaye (2003), "The Emergence of Contrastive Palatalization in Russian", in Holt, D. Eric (ed.), Optimality Theory and Language Change, Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, vol. 56, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 307–335, doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0195-3_12, ISBN 978-94-010-0195-3, retrieved 2021-06-24
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Roon, Kevin D.; Whalen, D. H. (2019), "Velarization of Russian labial consonants" (PDF), International Congress of Phonetic Sciences ICPhS 2019, archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-07-09, retrieved 2021-06-24
- ^ Bauer, Michael. Blas na Gàidhlig: The Practical Guide to Gaelic Pronunciation. Glasgow: Akerbeltz, 2011.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Fattah, Ismaïl Kamandâr (2000), Les dialectes Kurdes méridionaux, Acta Iranica, ISBN 9042909188
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.McCarus, Ernest N. (1958), —A Kurdish Grammar (PDF), retrieved 11 June 2018
Sources
Page Template:Refbegin/styles.css has no content.
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Recasens, Daniel; Fontdevila, J; Pallarès, Maria Dolores (1995), "Velarization degree and coarticulatory resistance for /l/ in Catalan and German", Journal of Phonetics, 23 (1–2): 37–52, doi:10.1016/S0095-4470(95)80031-X
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2005), "Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 1–25, doi:10.1017/S0025100305001878, S2CID 14140079
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521153003
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