Hominy

Hominy

A bowl of cooked hominy
Place of origin	Mesoamerica
Region or state	Americas
Ingredients generally used	Dried maize (corn) kernels, water, alkali
Food energy (per serving)	Template:If first display both
[[:b:|Cookbook: Hominy]]

Hominy is a Mesoamerican food item produced from dried maize (corn) kernels that have been treated with an alkali, in a process called nixtamalization ( is the Nahuatl word for "hominy"). "Lye hominy" is a type of hominy made with lye. The word "hominy" comes from the Powhatan , literally, "that treated (in the way specified)."

History

File:Dried Maize Mote from Oaxaca.png

Dried (uncooked form of) hominy. US quarter and Mexican one-peso coins pictured for scale.

The process of nixtamalization has been fundamental to Mesoamerican cuisine since ancient times. The lime used to treat the maize can be obtained from several different materials. Among the Lacandon Maya who inhabited the tropical lowland regions of eastern Chiapas, the caustic powder was obtained by toasting freshwater shells over a fire for several hours. In the highland areas of Chiapas and throughout much of the Yucatán Peninsula, Belize River valley and Petén Basin, limestone was used to make slaked lime for steeping the shelled kernels. The Maya used nixtamal to produce beers that more resembled chicha than pulque. When bacteria were introduced to nixtamal it created a type of sourdough.

The process of nixtamalization spread from Mesoamerica northwards through various indigenous tribes of North America. European settlers first encountered the dish in eastern North America, with the word hominy being an anglicization of the Powhatan word rokahamĕn.

Production

To make hominy, mature dry field corn (maize) is treated by soaking and cooking the grain in a dilute solution of lye or lime. The alkaline solution dissolves hemicellulose, the major adhesive component of the grain's cell walls, which loosens the hulls from the kernels and softens the corn. Also, soaking the corn in lye or lime kills the seed's germ, which keeps it from sprouting while in storage. Finally, in addition to providing a source of dietary calcium, the lye or lime reacts with the corn so that the nutrient niacin can be assimilated by the digestive tract. People consume hominy in intact kernels or grind it into sand-sized particles for grits or into flour.

In Mexican cuisine, hominy is finely ground to make masa (Spanish for dough). Fresh masa that has been dried and powdered is called masa seca or masa harina. Some of the corn oil breaks down into emulsifying agents (monoglycerides and diglycerides) and facilitates bonding the corn proteins to each other. The divalent calcium in lime acts as a cross-linking agent for protein and polysaccharide acidic side chains. Cornmeal from untreated ground corn cannot form a dough with the addition of water, but the chemical changes in masa (a.k.a. masa nixtamalera) make dough formation possible, for tortillas and other food.

Recipes

In Mexican cuisine, people cook masa nixtamalera with water to make a thick, gruel-like beverage called . When they make it with chocolate and sugar, it becomes . Adding anise and piloncillo to this mix creates , a popular breakfast drink.

The English term hominy derives from the Powhatan language word for prepared maize (cf. Chickahominy). Many other Indigenous American cultures have also made hominy and integrated it into their diets. The Cherokee, for example, made hominy grits by soaking corn in a weak lye solution produced by leaching hardwood ash with water and then beating it with a (), or corn beater. They used grits to make a traditional hominy soup ( ) that they let ferment ( ), cornbread, dumplings ( ), or, in post-contact times, fried with bacon and green onions.

Hominy recipes include (a Mexican stew of hominy and pork, chicken, or other meat), hominy bread, hominy chili, hog 'n' hominy, casseroles and fried dishes. In Latin America there is a variety of dishes referred to as . Hominy can be ground coarsely for grits, or into a fine mash dough () used extensively in Latin American cuisine. Many islands in the West Indies, notably Jamaica, also use hominy (known as cornmeal or polenta, though different from Italian polenta) to make a sort of porridge with corn starch or flour to thicken the mixture and condensed milk, vanilla, and nutmeg. In the Philippines, hominy (made from a local waxy corn cultivar Template:Langx) is the main component of dessert binatog.

Rockihominy, a popular trail food in the 19th and early 20th centuries, is dried corn, roasted to a golden brown, then ground to a very coarse meal, almost like hominy grits. Hominy is also used as animal feed.

Nutrition

Hominy, white, canned

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy	301 kJ (72 kcal)
Carbohydrates	14.3 g
Sugars	1.51 g
Dietary fiber	2.5 g
Fat	0.88 g
Protein	1.48 g
Vitamins and minerals Vitamins Quantity %DV† Thiamine (B1) 0% 0.003 mg Riboflavin (B2) 0% 0.006 mg Niacin (B3) 0% 0.033 mg Pantothenic acid (B5) 3% 0.154 mg Folate (B9) 0% 1 μg Choline 1% 3.1 mg Vitamin C 0% 0.3 mg Minerals Quantity %DV† Calcium 1% 10 mg Copper 3% 0.03 mg Iron 3% 0.62 mg Magnesium 4% 16 mg Manganese 3% 0.07 mg Phosphorus 3% 35 mg Potassium 1% 35 mg Zinc 10% 1.05 mg
Other constituents	Quantity
Water	82.5 g
Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.

Canned hominy (drained) is composed of 83% water, 14% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and 1% fat (table). In a 100-gram serving, hominy provide 72 calories and is a good source (10–19% of the Daily Value) of zinc. Hominy also supplies dietary fiber. Other nutrients are in low amounts (table).

See also

• Arepa
• Binatog
• List of maize dishes
• Locro
• Pinole
• Popcorn
• Pozole
• Sagamite