Lenna

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File:Lenna (test image).png
Image of Lena Forsén used in many image processing experimentsTemplate:Noprint inline

Lenna (or Lena) is a standard test image used in the field of digital image processing, starting in 1973.[1] It is a picture of the Swedish model Lena Forsén, shot by photographer Dwight Hooker and cropped from the centerfold of the November 1972 issue of Playboy magazine. Lenna has attracted controversy because of its subject matter.[2] Starting in the mid-2010s, many journals have deemed it inappropriate and discouraged its use, while others have banned it from publication outright.[3][4][5][6] Forsén herself has called for it to be retired, saying "It's time I retired from tech."[7]

The spelling "Lenna" came from the model's desire to encourage the proper pronunciation of her name. "I didn't want to be called Leena [Page Module:IPA/styles.css has no content.English: /ˈliːnə/]," she explained.[8]

History

Before Lenna, the first use of a Playboy magazine image to illustrate image processing algorithms was in 1961. Lawrence G. Roberts used two cropped six-bit grayscale facsimile scanned images from PlayboyTemplate:'s July 1960 issue featuring Playmate Teddi Smith, in his master's thesis on image dithering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[9]

Lenna was originally intended for high resolution color image processing study. Its history was described in the May 2001 newsletter of the IEEE Professional Communication Society, in an article by Jamie Hutchinson:[10]

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Alexander Sawchuk estimates that it was in June or July of 1973 when he, then an assistant professor of electrical engineering at the University of Southern California Signal and Image Processing Institute (SIPI), along with a graduate student and the SIPI lab manager, was hurriedly searching the lab for a good image to scan for a colleague's conference paper. They got tired of their stock of usual test images, dull stuff dating back to television standards work in the early 1960s. They wanted something glossy to ensure good output dynamic range, and they wanted a human face. Just then, somebody happened to walk in with a recent issue of Playboy. The engineers tore away the top third of the centerfold so they could wrap it around the drum of their Muirhead wirephoto scanner, which they had outfitted with analog-to-digital converters (one each for the red, green, and blue channels) and a Hewlett Packard 2100 minicomputer. The Muirhead had a fixed resolution of 100 lines per inch and the engineers wanted a 512×512 image, so they limited the scan to the top 5.12 inches of the picture, effectively cropping it at the subject's shoulders.

The image's reach was limited in the 1970s and 80s, which is reflected in it initially only appearing in .org domains, but in July 1991, the image featured on the cover of Optical Engineering alongside Peppers, another popular test image.[11] This drew the attention of Playboy to the potential copyright infringement.[12] The peak of image hits on the internet was in 1995.[11] The scan became one of the most used images in computer history.[13] The use of the photo in electronic imaging has been described as "clearly one of the most important events in [its] history".[14] The image spread to over 100 different domains, particularly .com and .edu.[11]

In a 1999 issue of IEEE Transactions on Image Processing "Lena" was used in three separate articles,[15] and the picture continued to appear in scientific journals throughout the beginning of the 21st century.[10]

Lenna is so widely accepted in the image processing community that Forsén was a guest at the 50th annual Conference of the Society for Imaging Science and Technology (IS&T) in 1997.[16] In 2015, Lena Forsén was also guest of honor at the banquet of IEEE ICIP 2015.[17] After delivering a speech, she chaired the best paper award ceremony.

To explain why the image became a standard in the field, David C. Munson, editor-in-chief of IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, stated that it was a good test image because of its detail, flat regions, shading, and texture. He also noted that "the Lena image is a picture of an attractive woman. It is not surprising that the (mostly male) image processing research community gravitated toward an image that they found attractive."[18]

While Playboy often cracks down on illegal uses of its material and did initially send a notice to the publisher of Optical Engineering about its unauthorized use in that publication,[12] over time it has decided to overlook the wide use of Lena. Eileen Kent, VP of new media at Playboy, said, "We decided we should exploit this, because it is a phenomenon."[19]

Criticism

The use of the image has produced controversy because Playboy is "seen (by some) as being degrading to women".[18] In a 1999 essay on reasons for the male predominance in computer science, applied mathematician Dianne P. O'Leary wrote:

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Suggestive pictures used in lectures on image processing ... convey the message that the lecturer caters to the males only. For example, it is amazing that the "Lena" pin-up image is still used as an example in courses and published as a test image in journals today.[15]

A 2012 paper on compressed sensing used a photo of the model Fabio Lanzoni as a test image to draw attention to this issue.[20][21][22][23]

The use of the test image at the magnet school Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology in Fairfax County, Virginia, provoked a guest editorial by a senior in The Washington Post in 2015 about its detrimental impact on aspiring female students in computer science.[24]

In 2017, the Journal of Modern Optics published an editorial titled "On alternatives to Lenna" suggesting three images (Pirate, Cameraman, and Peppers) that "are reasonably close to Lenna in feature space".[25]

In 2018, the Nature Nanotechnology journal announced that they would no longer consider articles using Lenna.[26] In the same year SPIE, the publishers of Optical Engineering, also announced that they "strongly discourage" the use of Lenna, and would no longer consider new submissions containing the image "without convincing scientific justification for its use". They noted that aside from the copyright and ethical issues, that it was also no longer useful as a standard image: "In today's age of high-resolution digital image technology, it seems difficult to argue that a 512 × 512 image produced with a 1970s-era analog scanner is the best we have to offer as an image quality test standard".[2]

Forsén stated in the 2019 documentary film Losing Lena, "I retired from modeling a long time ago. It's time I retired from tech, too... Let's commit to losing me."[7]

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) announced that, starting April 1, 2024, it will no longer allow use of Lenna in its publications.[27]

See also

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Playboy Centrefold Photo Shrunk to Width of Human Hair". BBC News Online. 14 August 2012. Archived from the original on 5 October 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  2. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Eismann, Michael T. (2018). "Farewell, Lena". Optical Engineering. 57 (12) 120101. Bibcode:2018OptEn..57l0101E. doi:10.1117/1.OE.57.12.120101.
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."SIIMS – Instructions for Authors". Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
  4. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."A note on the Lena image". Nature Nanotechnology. 13 (12): 1087. 2018. Bibcode:2018NatNa..13Q1087.. doi:10.1038/s41565-018-0337-2. PMID 30523301. S2CID 54522374.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Express Journals Online Style Guide: OPTICS EXPRESS, BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS, OPTICAL MATERIALS EXPRESS". Archived from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Edwards, Benj (29 March 2024). "Playboy image from 1972 gets ban from IEEE computer journals". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 30 March 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  7. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kibbe, Kayla (3 December 2019). "How a Nude 'Playboy' Photo Became a Fixture in the Tech World". Inside Hook. Archived from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 3 November 2021 – via San Francisco Chronicle.
  8. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kinstler, Linda (31 January 2019). "Finding Lena, the Patron Saint of JPEGS". Wired. Archived from the original on 22 April 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2019. IPA pronunciation of Leena inserted into the quotation in brackets for clarity. /ˈliːnə/ is a common English pronunciation of the name Lena. The quotation reads, "At her suggestion, the editors [of Playboy] spelled her first name with an extra 'n,' to encourage proper pronunciation. 'I didn't want to be called Leena," she explained.'
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Roberts, Lawrence G. (1961). "Picture Coding Using Pseudo-Random Noise". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on 26 September 2006. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
  10. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hutchison, Jamie (2001). "Culture, Communication, and an Information Age Madonna" (PDF). IEEE Professional Communication Society Newsletter. 45 (3): 1, 5–7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  11. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pudding, The. "Can Data Die? Tracking the Lenna Image". The Pudding. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  12. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Thompson, Brian J. (1992). "Editorial: Copyright Problems". Optical Engineering. 31 (1): 5. Bibcode:1992OptEn..31....5T. doi:10.1117/12.60707.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."The Search for Lena: Discovering one Playmate's role in the history of the Internet". Playboy Newsdesk. Playboy. 1997. Archived from the original on 4 July 1997. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Zax, David (16 August 2012). "A Playboy Model and Nanoscale Printing". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
  15. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.O'Leary, Dianne P. (25 June 1999). "But the instructor's attitude can't make the female student fail, can it?". Accessibility of Computer Science: A Reflection for Faculty Members. University of Maryland, Department of Computer Science. Archived from the original on 5 November 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Rosenberg, Chuck (3 November 2001). "The Lenna Story: Imaging Experts Meet Lenna in Person". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
  17. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."ICIP 2015 Banquet & Awards Ceremony". International Conference on Image Processing. 2015. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  18. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Munson, David C. Jr. (1996). "A Note on Lena". IEEE Transactions on Image Processing. 5 (1): 3. Bibcode:1996ITIP....5....3M. doi:10.1109/TIP.1996.8100841. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Brown, Janelle (20 May 1997). "Playmate Meets Geeks Who Made Her a Net Star". Wired. Archived from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Needell, Deanna; Ward, Rachel (29 February 2012). "Stable image reconstruction using total variation minimization". arXiv:1202.6429 [cs.CV].
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Carron, Igor (9 March 2012). "I can't believe it's not Lena". Nuit Blanche. Archived from the original on 10 March 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
  22. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Every Picture Tells A Story". Claremont McKenna College. 2 May 2013. Archived from the original on 14 April 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
  23. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Matthews, Richard (12 May 2015). "How Fabio and Playboy helped invent the internet: The bizarre photos used in research papers revealed". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
  24. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Zug, Maddie (24 April 2015). "A centerfold does not belong in the classroom". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  25. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."On alternatives to Lenna". Journal of Modern Optics. 64 (12): 1119–1120. 2017. Bibcode:2017JMOp...64.1119.. doi:10.1080/09500340.2016.1270881.
  26. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."A note on the Lena image". Nature Nanotechnology. 13 (12): 1087. 2018. Bibcode:2018NatNa..13Q1087.. doi:10.1038/s41565-018-0337-2. ISSN 1748-3395. PMID 30523301.
  27. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hern, Alex (31 March 2024). "Institute bans use of Playboy test image in engineering journals". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 10 May 2025.

Sources

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Further reading

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