Ningde dialect

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Ningde
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Native toNingde, Fujian
Early forms
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
GlottologNone
ELPTemplate:Endangered Languages Project
LinguasphereTemplate:Infobox language/lingualist
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This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

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The Ningde dialect (Eastern Min: Script error: No such module "Lang".) is a dialect of Eastern Min Chinese spoken in urban areas of Ningde, China, which is a prefecture-level city in the northeastern coast of Fujian province.

Phonology

The Ningde dialect has 15 initials, 78 rimes and 7 tones.

Initials

p, pʰ, m, t, tʰ, n, l, ts, tsʰ, s, k, kʰ, ŋ, x, ʔ

Rimes

10 monophthongs: a, ɛ, œ, ø, ɔ, o, i, u, y

18 compound vowels: Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA".

15 nasal rimes: Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA".

26 checked rimes: Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA".

These 6 nasal rimes tend to merge into nasal rimes ending with coda Script error: No such module "IPA"., and will disappear in future: Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA".

These 5 checked rimes tend to merge into nasal rimes ending with coda Script error: No such module "IPA"., and will disappear in future: Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA".

Tones

No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Tone name dark level
陰平 		light level
陽平 		rising
上聲 		dark departing
陰去 		light departing
陽去 		dark entering
陰入 		light entering
陽入
Tone contour Script error: No such module "IPA". (44) Script error: No such module "IPA". (22) Script error: No such module "IPA". (42) Script error: No such module "IPA". (35) Script error: No such module "IPA". (332) Script error: No such module "IPA". (2) Script error: No such module "IPA". (5)

Initial assimilation

The two-syllable initial assimilation rules are shown in the table below:

Coda of the Former Syllable Initial Assimilation
Null coda The initial of the latter syllable may change:
  • Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". change to null initial or /β/;
  • Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". change to Script error: No such module "IPA".;
  • Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". change to null initial or /ʒ/;
  • Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". change to null initial;
  • Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". and null initial remain unchanged.
Nasal coda The initial of the latter syllable may change:
  • Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". change to Script error: No such module "IPA".;
  • Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". change to Script error: No such module "IPA".;
  • Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". change to Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA".;
  • Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". and null initial change to Script error: No such module "IPA". or Script error: No such module "IPA".;
  • Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". and Script error: No such module "IPA". remain unchanged.
checked coda The former syllable lost its checked coda at first; then, the initial assimilation of latter syllable follow the law above.
checked coda Script error: No such module "IPA". The Initial of latter syllable change to Script error: No such module "IPA". while the former syllable lost its checked coda Script error: No such module "IPA".

Tone sandhi

The Ningde dialect has extremely extensive tone sandhi rules: in an utterance, only the last syllable pronounced is not affected by the rules. The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below (the columns give the first syllable's original citation tone, while the rows give the citation tone of the second syllable):

dark level
44 		light level
22 		rising
42 		dark departing
35 		light departing
332 		dark entering
2 		light entering
5
dark level
44 		44 21 44 21 44 21
light level
22 		remain unchanged
rising
42 		55
dark departing
35 		55
light departing
332 		44 21 44 21 44 21
dark entering
2 		55
light entering
5 		44 21 44 21 44 21

Notes

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  1. ^ Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.[1][2][3]

References

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.

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