Achuar-Shiwiar language
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| Shiwiar | |
|---|---|
| Script error: No such module "Lang". | |
| Pronunciation | Script error: No such module "IPA". |
| Native to | Peru, Ecuador |
| Ethnicity | Achuar people, Shiwiar |
Native speakers | 1,200 (2020)[1] |
Chicham
| |
| Dialects |
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| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | acu |
| Glottolog | achu1248 |
| ELP | Template:Endangered Languages Project |
| Linguasphere | Template:Infobox language/lingualist |
| Template:Infobox language/lingualist | |
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| Template:Infobox language/lingualist | |
| Template:Infobox language/lingualist | |
| Template:Infobox language/lingualist | |
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| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:InfoboxImage/data' not found. Shiwiar is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. | |
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Shiwiar (Template:Langx, Script error: No such module "IPA".[1]), also known as Jivaro and Maina, is a Chicham language spoken along the Pastaza and Bobonaza rivers in Ecuador. Shiwiar is one of the thirteen indigenous languages of Ecuador.[2] All of these Indigenous languages are endangered.[2]
Classification
Shiwiar is a member of the Chicham languages, also known as "Jivaroan", derived from a Spanish corruption of the common Chicham designation for themselves, *ʃíwar. This family consists of Shiwiar, Achuar, which is typically considered a dialect of Shiwiar,[3] Shuar, Huambisa (Wampis), and Aguaruna (Awajun). However, the term "Jivaro" has negative connotations, and has been replaced in recent times by Script error: No such module "Lang". 'language', as suggested by Tuntiak Katan Jua, a Shuar linguist. All of the languages except for Aguarona are closely related, and have been described as a dialect continuum.[1]
Speakers
Shiwiar is spoken by the Achuar people of the Amazonian region of Ecuador.[4] The Achuar people also speak Spanish, Shuar, and Kichwa along with their native language, Shiwiar.[4]
Although the Achuar live in the Amazon Basin, the extracting of oil and raw materials from Ecuador through mining has displaced the Achuar communities and endangered their homes.[5]
While Ecuador's official language is Spanish, the Achuar people along with other indigenous groups have the right to use their own languages in education through the official language policies of Ecuador legalized in Decree No. 000529, Article 27, and the Dirección Nacional de Educación Indígena Intercultural Bilingüe (DINEIIB).[6]
Phonology
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Postalveolar/ Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | p | t | k | ||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||
| Affricate | ts | tʃ | |||
| Fricative | s | ʃ | h | ||
| Tap | ɾ | ||||
| Approximant | w | j |
Script error: No such module "IPA". are phonetically dental as [[[:Template:IPAplink]], Template:IPAplink. Script error: No such module "IPA". has a very limited distribution as it only recently acquired phonemic status. Stops and affricates are usually voiced following a nasal consonant. Script error: No such module "IPA". is palatalized to [ç] when it is preceded by a front-high vowel. When Script error: No such module "IPA". immediately follows a nasal, an epenthic voiced stop may optionally be inserted between them. For some speakers, Script error: No such module "IPA". can be realized as a voiceless velar fricative [x]. Script error: No such module "IPA". has no velar articulation, and it is realized as a labio-dental approximant [ʋ] or a bilabial approximant [β̞] when followed by Script error: No such module "IPA"..Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i ĩ | ɨ ɨ̃ | u ũ |
| Open | a ã |
Vowels in Shiwiar have much allophonic variation. All two-vowel sequences, except for *Script error: No such module "IPA". and *Script error: No such module "IPA"., can form diphthongs. Script error: No such module "IPA". is typically realized as [[[:Template:IPAplink]], Template:IPAplink] in unnaccented syllables. If a low vowel is immediately preceded or followed by Script error: No such module "IPA"., or preceded by a palatalized consonant, Script error: No such module "IPA". is sometimes realized as a mid-low [ɛ] or mid front vowel [e̞]. In the vicinity of Script error: No such module "IPA"., Script error: No such module "IPA". are often realized as [ʌ, ʌ̃], whereas Script error: No such module "IPA". are often realized as [ɤ, ɤ̃]. Script error: No such module "IPA". may also be heard as a high back vowel [ɯ] when preceding labial consonants Script error: No such module "IPA"..Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list' not found.
References
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- ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Kohlberger, M. (2020). A Grammatical Description of Shiwiar (PDF) (PhD thesis). Leiden University. hdl:1887/123115.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Moseley, C., ed. (2010). Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (3rd ed.). Paris: UNESCO Publishing. ISBN 978-92-3-104095-5. OCLC 610522460.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2026). "Achuar-Shiwiar". Glottolog 5.3. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Crevels, M. (2012). "Language endangerment in South America: The clock is ticking". In Campbell, L.; Grondona, V. (eds.). The Indigenous Languages of South America. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 167–234. doi:10.1515/9783110258035.167. ISBN 978-3-11-025803-5.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Achuar and the Amazon Basin". Indigenous Religious Traditions. 2011-02-17. Archived from the original on 2020-12-04. Retrieved 2020-12-11.
- ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.King, K. A.; Haboud, M. (2002). "Language Planning and Policy in Ecuador". Current Issues in Language Planning. 3 (4): 359–424. doi:10.1080/14664200208668046.
Bibliography
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Mowitz, G.; Warkentin de Fast, R.; Fast Warkentin, D. (1996), Diccionario achuar-shiwiar–castellano, Lingüística peruana, 36 (in español), Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano
External links
- Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Dryer, Matthew S.; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Achuar". World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- New Testament in Achuar
- The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Achuar
- Achuar–Shiwiar on Native Languages of the Americas
- Listen to a sample of Achuar–Shiwiar from Global Recordings Network
- OLAC resources in and about Achuar-Shiwiar
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