Toei Subway

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Toei Subway
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A Toei 12-000 series train at Kiba Depot
Overview
Native nameScript error: No such module "Lang".
LocaleTokyo, Japan
Transit typeRapid transit
Number of lines4[1]
Number of stations106[1]
Daily ridership2.85 million (FY2014)[1]
WebsiteToei
Operation
Began operation4 December 1960; 65 years ago (4 December 1960)
Operator(s)Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation
Technical
System length109.0 km (67.7 mi)[1]
Track gauge1,435 mm (Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) (Asakusa and Ōedo lines)
1,372 mm (4 ft 6 in) (Shinjuku line)
1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) (Mita line)
ElectrificationTemplate:1,500 V DC[1]

The Toei Subway (Japanese: Script error: No such module "Lang".; Template:Lit[2]) is a major rapid transit system in Tokyo, Japan, operated by the Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation under the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Ordinance on Underground High-Speed Trains[3]. The Toei Subway lines were originally licensed to the Teito Rapid Transit Authority (the predecessor of Tokyo Metro) but were constructed by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government following transfers of the licenses for each line in 1958.[4]

It is the one of Tokyo's two subway operators, with an average daily ridership of 2.85 million; the other operator, the Tokyo Metro, carries approximately 6.52 million passengers per day, as of 2023. The subway has run at a financial loss for most of its history due to high construction expenses, particularly for the Oedo Line. However, it reported its first net profit of ¥3.13bn ($26.9 mil) in FY2006.

Tokyo Metro and Toei Subway form completely separate networks. While users of prepaid rail passes can freely interchange between the two networks, regular ticket holders must purchase a second ticket, or a special transfer ticket, to change from a Toei line to a Tokyo Metro line and vice versa. The sole exceptions are on the segment of the Toei Mita Line between Meguro and Shirokane-Takanawa, where the platforms are shared with the Tokyo Metro Namboku Line, and at Kudanshita on the Shinjuku Line, where the platform is shared with the Tokyo Metro Hanzomon Line. At these stations, it is possible to change between the networks without passing through a ticket gate. It is one of only two rapid transit systems operating on 3 track gauges, the other being the Barcelona Metro, Spain, using narrow, standard and broad gauge.

History

In 1920, Tokyo City, the administrative predecessor of today’s 23 special wards, announced its first formal subway development proposal through Tokyo City Notification No. 2 of 1920 (Script error: No such module "Lang".), designating seven routes. Consistent with the city’s broader policy of public ownership and operation of urban transportation, the network was intended to be constructed and managed municipally.[5][6] However, the Great Kantō Earthquake struck on September 1, 1923, inflicting catastrophic damage on central Tokyo and altering the city’s urban and transportation planning priorities.[7]

In 1925, the Ministry of Home Affairs issued Ministry of Home Affairs Notification No. 56 of 1925 (Script error: No such module "Lang".), which formally designated five routes.[8][9] Under this framework, Tokyo City obtained operating licenses for four of the five proposed subway lines. However, burdened by substantial public debt in the aftermath of earthquake reconstruction, the city faced strong opposition from both the Ministry of Home Affairs and the Ministry of Finance. As a result, Tokyo City was unable to secure final approval to commence construction, effectively halting its municipal subway plans.[8]

At the time, the only subway line, now known as the Ginza Line, was constructed and operated separately by two private companies, the Tokyo Underground Railway and the Tokyo Rapid Railway, with through services between the two operators.[10]

After the outbreak of World War II, the Japanese government integrated these two companies in 1941 to form the Teito Rapid Transit Authority (TRTA), commonly known as Eidan, which later became the predecessor of today's Tokyo Metro.

Postwar construction

File:Ginza line Akasaka-Mitsuke sta. in the 50s.png
A crowded platform on the Teito Rapid Transit Authority line during the 1950s.

In Tokyo during the 1950s, post–World War II economic expansion led to rapid population growth and a sharp increase in road traffic. As a result, the effectiveness of existing public transport infrastructure, such as the Tokyo Toden (tram) system, steadily declined due to chronic road congestion, while the existing Teito Rapid Transit Authority subway network alone was unable to keep pace with rising transportation demand.[11][12]

In 1954, the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly adopted a resolution to construct a public subway system in addition to the network operated by the Teito Rapid Transit Authority. In accordance with urban planning directives, the Tokyo Metropolitan government Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation and Keikyu corporation obtained a license from the Teito Rapid Transit Authority to build its first line between Kuramae and Magome, and began construction of the line as part of the Toei Subway system in 1958.[4][11]

Since the Toei Subway began operations on the Asakusa Line between Asakusabashi and Oshiage in 1960, with through services to the Keisei Line, the system has expanded steadily, with the opening of the Mita Line in December 1968, the Shinjuku Line in December 1978, and the Ōedo Line in December 1991. The Mita Line was extended between Meguro and Mita stations, and the Ōedo Line entered full operation.

Lines

The Toei Subway is made up of four lines operating on 109.0 kilometers (67.7 mi) of route.[1]

Name Color Icon No.[A] Route Stations[1] Length
km (mi)[1] 		Opened Last extension Daily ridership

(FY2024)[13]

Gauge[1]
Asakusa style="background:#Template:Rcr; color:white;"|Rose File:Toei Asakusa line symbol.svg 1 Nishi-magome – Oshiage 20 18.3 (11.4) 1960 1968 1,457,778 1,435 mm (Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)
Mita style="background:#Template:Rcr; color:white;"|Blue File:Toei Mita line symbol.svg 6 Meguro – Nishi-takashimadaira 27 26.5 (16.5) 1968 2000 1,292,710 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in)
Shinjuku style="background:#Template:Rcr;" |Page Template:Color/styles.css has no content.Lime File:Toei Shinjuku line symbol.svg 10 Shinjuku – Moto-Yawata 21 23.5 (14.6) 1978 1989 1,480,760 1,372 mm (4 ft 6 in)
Ōedo style="background:#Template:Rcr; color:white;"|Magenta File:Toei Oedo line symbol.svg 12 Hikarigaoka – Tochōmae via Tochōmae, Roppongi and Ryōgoku 38 40.7 (25.3) 1991 2000 1,777,914 1,435 mm (Page Template:Fraction/styles.css has no content.4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)
Total 106 109.0 (67.7)   5,281,532

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  1. ^ Line numbers are only used internally and are not listed on subway maps

Through services to other lines

The different gauges of the Toei lines arose in part due to the need to accommodate through services with private suburban railway lines. Through services currently in regular operation include:

Line Through Lines
Template:Ric Asakusa Template:Ric Keikyū Kurihama Line and Template:Ric Keikyū Airport Line both via the Template:Ric Keikyū Main Line (Sengakuji to Haneda Airport Terminal 1·2 or Misakiguchi)
Template:Ric Keisei Oshiage Line, Template:Ric Keisei Main Line, Template:Ric Keisei Narita Airport Line, Template:Ric Hokusō Line, Template:Ric Keisei Higashi-Narita Line and Template:Ric Shibayama Railway (Oshiage to Narita Airport Terminal 1, Imba Nihon-idai or Shibayama-Chiyoda)
Template:Ric Mita Template:Ric Meguro Line (Meguro to Hiyoshi), then Template:Ric Tōkyū Shin-Yokohama Line (Hiyoshi to Shin-Yokohama), then File:Sotetsu line symbol.svg Sōtetsu Shin-Yokohama Line (Shin-Yokohama to Nishiya), then File:Sotetsu line symbol.svg Sōtetsu Main Line (Nishiya to Futamata-gawa to Ebina) or File:Sotetsu line symbol.svg Sōtetsu Izumino Line (Futamata-gawa to Shōnandai)
Template:Ric Shinjuku Template:Ric Keiō New Line and Template:Ric Keio Sagamihara Line both via the Template:Ric Keiō Line (Shinjuku to Hashimoto or Takaosanguchi)

Revenue and ridership

According to the company, an average of 2.34 million people used the company's four subway routes each day in 2008. The company made a profit of ¥12.2 billion in 2009.[14]

JFY2023 Toei Subway Line Revenue and Ridership[15]
Line Revenue
(in million ¥)		 Expenses
(in million ¥)		 Net profit/(loss)
(in million ¥)		 Revenue/day
(in million ¥)		 Passengers/day Operating ratio
Template:Ric Asakusa 32,777 24,111 8,666 80.996 683,003 74
Template:Ric Mita 33,256 26,954 6,302 77.935 606,811 81
Template:Ric Shinjuku 37,770 31,521 6,249 93.375 704,235 83
Template:Ric Ōedo 53,294 56,498 (3,203) 102.764 836,179 106

Note: All financial figures are in million yen.

Branding

File:Toei Subway WP Book Cover.png
Icons of four lines, as the system consists of four lines, compared with Tokyo Metro’s nine.

Apart from its own logo, a stylized ginkgo leaf used as the symbol of the Tokyo Metropolis, Toei Subway shares a design language in common with Tokyo Metro. Lines are indicated by a letter in Futura Bold on a white background inside a roundel in the line color, with signs indicating stations adding the station number as well. Line colors and letter-designations are complementary with Tokyo Metro's, with none overlapping (e.g., the Mita Line's letter-designation is “I”, rather than “M”, which is used by the Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line).

Informational signage is also designed identically, with platform-level station placards differing only in the placement of the bands in the line color: Toei Subway has two thin bands at the top and bottom, while Tokyo Metro has one wider band at the bottom (or, in the case of long, narrow placards, in a continuous band extending to the left and right along the wall itself).

Stations

Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". There are a total of 99 unique stations (i.e., counting stations served by multiple lines only once) on the Toei Subway network, or 106 total stations if each station on each line counts as one station.[1] Almost all stations are located within the 23 special wards, with many located in areas not served by the complementary Tokyo Metro network.

Rolling stock

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Current vehicles

  • Asakusa Line – 5500 series and E5000 series (electric locomotives)
  • Mita Line – 6300 series and 6500 series[16]
  • Shinjuku Line – 10-300 series
  • Oedo Line – 12-000 series and 12-600 series[17]

Former vehicles

  • Asakusa Line – 5000 series, 5200 series and 5300 series
  • Mita Line – 6000 series and 10-000 series
  • Shinjuku Line – 10-000 series and 10-300R series

Network map

Template:Rapid transit OSM map

See also

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.東京都交通局ホーム - 経営情報 - 交通局の概要 - 都営地下鉄 [Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation Home - Management Information - Overview of the Department of Transportation - Toei Subway] (in 日本語). 東京都交通局 [Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation]. April 1, 2015. Retrieved 2016-01-17.
  2. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.日本国語大辞典,デジタル大辞泉, 精選版. "都営(とえい)とは？ 意味や使い方". コトバンク (in 日本語).
  3. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Industrial and Labor Affairs (東京都産業労働局). "Tokyo Metropolitan Government Ordinance on Underground High-Speed Trains (東京都地下高速電車条例)". Retrieved 2026-01-25.
  4. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."東京都交通局,交通局について,都営地下鉄". 東京都交通局 (in 日本語). Retrieved 2025-12-26.
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.パンフレットで読み解く東京メトロ建設と開業の歴史 (in 日本語). Jitsugyo no Nihon Sha.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション". dl.ndl.go.jp. Retrieved 2025-12-30.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."丸ノ内線建設史 - メトロアーカイブアルバム". メトロアーカイブアルバム - メトロアーカイブアルバムは、これまでに整理・保存してきた貴重な写真を使って東京の地下鉄の歴史を紹介していくサイトです。 (in 日本語). 2011-08-23. Retrieved 2026-01-25.
  8. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."丸ノ内線建設史（上巻）". metroarchive.jp. pp. 19–24. Retrieved 2026-01-31.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."丸ノ内線建設史（上巻）". metroarchive.jp. pp. 295–299. Retrieved 2026-01-31.
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション". dl.ndl.go.jp. Retrieved 2025-12-30.
  11. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Toei Subway｜Japanese subway｜JAPAN SUBWAY ASSOCIATION". www.jametro.or.jp. Retrieved 2025-12-27.
  12. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."東京に2つの地下鉄「東京メトロ」と「都営」が存在する理由". ITmedia ビジネスオンライン (in 日本語). Retrieved 2025-12-28.
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."東京都交通局,都営地下鉄,各駅乗降人員一覧". 東京都交通局 (in 日本語). Retrieved 2025-12-30.
  14. ^ Martin, Alex, "Ubiquitous Tokyo subways moving the daily masses", Japan Times, August 3, 2010, p. 3.
  15. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."令和4年度 地下鉄路線別収支状況" [FY2023 Revenue and expenditure by subway line] (PDF). Toei Transportation Online (in 日本語). Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 May 2025. Retrieved 28 May 2025.
  16. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.raillab.jp https://raillab.jp/news/article/27396. Retrieved 2026-01-19. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
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