Kaluga

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Kaluga (Template:Langx, Script error: No such module "IPA".) is a city and the administrative center of Kaluga Oblast, Russia. It stands on the Oka River 150 kilometers (93 mi) southwest of Moscow. Its population was 337,058 at the 2021 census.[1]

Established in the 14th century as a Russian border fortress, Kaluga was notable as a place of exile for political prisoners, leaders and officials of other nations under the Russian Empire, and has served as the seat of regional administration since 1776. Kaluga's most famous resident, the space travel pioneer Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, worked there as a school teacher from 1892 to 1935. The Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics in Kaluga is dedicated to his theoretical achievements and to their practical implementations for modern space research, hence the motto on the city's coat of arms: Script error: No such module "Lang"., Kolybélʹ kosmonávtiki ("The Cradle of Space-Exploration").

History

Kaluga, founded in the mid-14th century as a border fortress on the southwestern borders of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, first appears in the historical record in chronicles in the 14th century as Koluga; the name comes from Old Russian kaluga is "bog, quagmire".[2] In the late 14th century, it was located on the Muscovite border with Lithuania.[3] During the period of Tartar raids it was the western end of the Oka bank defense line. The Great stand on the Ugra River was fought just to the west. It was an important strategic location in Muscovy's fights against Lithuania and the Crimean Khanate.[4] In the Middle Ages Kaluga was a minor settlement owned by the Princes Vorotynsky. The ancestral home of these princes lies southwest of the modern city.

During the Uprising of Bolotnikov, it was successfully defended by Bolotnikov against Tsarist forces.[3] In 1610, it was the main residence of False Dmitry II, who was supported by the local population, and the place where he was killed by an ethnic Tatar.[3][4] In retaliation, the residents massacred all Tatars.[3]

From 1708, Kaluga was administratively located in the Moscow Governorate.[3] In 1776, it became the capital of the newly formed Kaluga Viceroyalty, later renamed to Kaluga Governorate.[3] On 19 January 1777, the Kaluga drama theatre opened its first theatrical season, established with the direct participation of the Governor-General Mikhail Krechetnikov.[5] In 1777, the local coat of arms was approved.[3]

On several occasions during the Russian Empire Kaluga was the residence of political exiles and prisoners such as Polish Catholic Bishops Kajetan Sołtyk and Józef Andrzej Załuski, Polish dignitaries Wacław Rzewuski and Seweryn Rzewuski (1767),[3][4] the last Crimean khan Şahin Giray (1786), the Kyrgyz sultan Arigazi-Abdul-Aziz (1828), the Georgian princess Thecla (1834–1835), and the Avar leader Imam Shamil (1859–1868).[6]

Kaluga in c. 1914

Kaluga is connected to Moscow by a railway line and by the ancient roadway, the Kaluga Road (now partly within Moscow (as the Old Kaluga Highway), partly the A101 road).[7] This road offered Napoleon his favored escape route from the Moscow trap in the fall of 1812. But General Kutuzov repelled Napoleon's advances in this direction and forced the retreating French army onto the Old Smolensk Road, previously devastated by the French during their invasion of Russia.[citation needed]

During World War II, the German army briefly occupied Kaluga during the climactic Battle of Moscow, as part of Operation Barbarossa. The city was under full or partial German occupation from 12 October to 30 December 1941. The Germans operated the Dulag 127 transit prisoner-of-war camp in the city.[8] There was a high mortality rate in the camp, and then it was relocated west to Roslavl.[8] In 1944, the Soviet Government used its local military buildings to intern hundreds of Polish prisoners of war — soldiers of the Polish underground Home Army — whom the advancing Soviet front had arrested in the area around Vilnius.[citation needed]

Discovery of a Stone Idol

In 1953, on the outskirts of Kaluga, in the area of an old logging site near the Lesnichevka ravine, the local press reported the discovery of a small stone idol approximately 18 cm tall. The figurine is made of light-colored stone, has a simplified phallic shape, and features a large eye carved on the upper part of the figure. Based on fragmentary local-history commentaries from the mid-20th century, the find was interpreted as a possible depiction of a local household cult character conventionally referred to as Nilo, whose association was presumed to be linked with participants of ritual or comedic performances within the Kaluga region.

The original photograph of the artifact has not been preserved; the image circulated today is a modern visual reconstruction created from written descriptions.[9]

Demographics

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As of the 2021 Census, the ethnic composition of Kaluga was:[10]

Ethnic group Population Percentage
Russians 310,622 91.9%
Armenians 4,527 1.3%
Tajiks 3,260 1.0%
Uzbeks 3,100 0.9%
Ukrainians 2,876 0.9%
Other 13,691 4.0%

Administrative and municipal status

Kaluga is the administrative center of the oblast.[11] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with seventy-two rural localities, incorporated as the City of Kaluga—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[11] As a municipal division, the City of Kaluga, together with one rural locality in Ferzikovsky District (the selo of Novozhdamirovo), is incorporated as Kaluga Urban Okrug.[12]

Economy

The Kaluga Turbine Plant is located here as is Kaluga Machine Works, which manufactures track machines for railways. In recent years, Kaluga has become one center of the Russian automotive industry, with a number of foreign companies opening assembly plants in the area:[13]

On 28 November 2007, Volkswagen Group opened a new assembly plant in Kaluga, which further expanded by 2009. The investment has reached more than 500 million Euro. As of 2014 the plant assembled the Volkswagen Passat, Škoda Fabia and Škoda Rapid.[14]

On 15 October 2007, the Volvo Group broke ground on a new truck assembly plant, that was inaugurated on 19 January 2009,[15] with a yearly capacity of 10,000 Volvo and 5,000 Renault trucks.[16]

On 12 December 2007, PSA Peugeot Citroën announced its decision to build a new assembly plant in Kaluga.[17]

Transportation

The city is served by the Grabtsevo Airport. Since 1899, there has been a railway connection between Kaluga and Moscow.[18]

Public transportation is represented by the trolleybuses, buses, and marshrutkas (routed taxis).

  • ZiU-682 trolleybus
    ZiU-682 trolleybus
  • ZiU-682 trolleybus
    ZiU-682 trolleybus
  • BKM-321 low-floor trolleybus
    BKM-321 low-floor trolleybus
  • Kaluga Airport
    Kaluga Airport
  • Kaluga Railway Station
    Kaluga Railway Station

Climate

Kaluga has a humid temperate continental (Köppen climate classification: Dfb), with warm and humid summers; and long, cold and snowy winters. Winter extreme records can be as low as −45 °C (−49 °F), while summer heat may reach up +40 °C (104 °F), but normal variation is between −5 °C (23 °F) and −20 °C (−4 °F) during winter and between 15 °C (59 °F) and 30 °C (86 °F) during summer in Kaluga. Script error: No such module "weather box".

Notable people

Kaluga's most famous resident was rocket science pioneer Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857–1935).

Other notable people include:[19][20][21]

Twin towns – sister cities

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Kaluga is twinned with:[23]

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Partner cities

In addition to twin towns, Kaluga cooperates with:[23]

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  • Main Square
    Main Square
  • Polman House
    Polman House
  • Eastern archway at the Administration Building
    Eastern archway at the Administration Building
  • Moscow State Technical University (local branch)
    Moscow State Technical University (local branch)
  • Streetside stores in Kaluga
    Streetside stores in Kaluga
  • Kaluga Oblast administration
    Kaluga Oblast administration

References

Notes

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  1. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  2. ^ E.M. Pospelov, Geograficheskie nazvaniya mira (Moscow: Russkie slovari, 1998), p. 181.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Encyklopedyja powszechna (in polski). Vol. XIII. Warszawa. 1863. p. 791.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ^ a b c Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich (in polski). Vol. III. Warszawa. 1893. p. 720.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Ассонов В. И. (1911) [Извѣстія Калужской Ученой Архивной Комиссіи. Выпускъ XXI]. "К истории театра в Калуге". Известия Калужской Ученой Архивной Комиссии. Выпуск XXI. Калуга: Типография Е. Г. Архангельской. pp. 56–69.
  6. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Историки указали на стереотипность мнений про пленение Шамиля". Кавказский узел. 8 September 2018. Archived from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
  7. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Сергей Алтухов (13 September 2011). "Товарные знаки — тоже искусство". Retrieved 6 December 2018.
  8. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Megargee, Geoffrey P.; Overmans, Rüdiger; Vogt, Wolfgang (2022). The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 80–81. ISBN 978-0-253-06089-1.
  9. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content.Bogdan, Lisevski. nilo. p. 2 https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1Vgy19czn6Sh2wYKbhXHjUpMFZfqBn-3U?usp=sharing. Retrieved 15 November 2025. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  10. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Территориальный орган Федеральной службы государственной статистики по Калужской области" (PDF). Retrieved 24 May 2023.
  11. ^ a b Charter of Kaluga Oblast
  12. ^ Law #7-OZ
  13. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."О Стратегии социально-экономического развития Калужской области до 2030 года (с изменениями на 12 февраля 2016 года)". Archived from the original on 27 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  14. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Škoda Annual Report 2014" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
  15. ^ Volvo Truck starts production at Kaluga plant Script error: No such module "webarchive"., Just-auto.com, 19 January 2009.
  16. ^ New Volvo Group assembly plant in Kaluga, Volvo Group corporate news, 15 October 2007.
  17. ^ PSA Peugeot Citroën to Build Plant in Kaluga, Russia Script error: No such module "webarchive"., PSA Peugeot Citroën press release, 12 December 2007
  18. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Train Station in Kaluga" (in русский). Nnov-airport.ru. Archived from the original on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  19. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Знаменитые уроженцы". nbcrs.org (in русский). Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  20. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Знаменитые калужане". Zavtra (in русский). Retrieved 4 September 2013.
  21. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Известные люди, родившиеся в Калужской области". Известные люди России (in русский). Retrieved 4 September 2023.
  22. ^ Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Ими гордится Калуга ("They Bring Pride to Kaluga")" (in русский). Kaluga: Office of the Affairs of the Mayor of Kaluga. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
  23. ^ a b Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css has no content."Города-побратимы". kaluga-gov.ru (in русский). Kaluga. Retrieved 5 February 2020.

Sources

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  • Script error: No such module "Lang". (Legislative Assembly of Kaluga Oblast. #473 March 27, 1996 Charter of Kaluga Oblast, as amended by the Law #681-OZ of February 27, 2015 On Amending the Charter of Kaluga Oblast. ).
  • Script error: No such module "Lang". (Legislative Assembly of Kaluga Oblast. Law #7-OZ of December 28, 2004 On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations Located on the Territory of the Administrative-Territorial Units of "Babyninsky District", "Borovsky District", "Dzerzhinsky District", "Zhizdrinsky District", "Zhukovsky District", "Iznoskovsky District", "Kozelsky District", "Maloyaroslavetsky District", "Mosalsky District", "Ferzikovsky District", "Khvastovichsky District", "City of Kaluga", "City of Obninsk", and on Granting Them the Status of an Urban Settlement, Rural Settlement, Urban Okrug, Municipal District, as amended by the Law #620-OZ of September 29, 2014 On Amending the Law of Kaluga Oblast "On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations Located on the Territory of the Administrative-Territorial Units of "Babyninsky District", "Borovsky District", "Dzerzhinsky District", "Zhizdrinsky District", "Zhukovsky District", "Iznoskovsky District", "Kozelsky District", "Maloyaroslavetsky District", "Mosalsky District", "Ferzikovsky District", "Khvastovichsky District", "City of Kaluga", "City of Obninsk", and on Granting Them the Status of an Urban Settlement, Rural Settlement, Urban Okrug, Municipal District". Effective as of after the official publication, with the exception of the clauses regarding the municipal formation of the "City of Kaluga", for which different dates of taking effect are specified.).

Page Template:Sister-inline/styles.css has no content.Script error: No such module "Sister project logo". Media related to Script error: No such module "Commons link". at Wikimedia Commons

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